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Questions and Answers
What is a key feature that distinguishes erysipelas from cellulitis?
What is a key feature that distinguishes erysipelas from cellulitis?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Lyme disease?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Lyme disease?
What causes the increase in size and activity of sebaceous glands during puberty?
What causes the increase in size and activity of sebaceous glands during puberty?
What is a common manifestation of seborrheic dermatitis in infants?
What is a common manifestation of seborrheic dermatitis in infants?
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Which condition is also known as atopic dermatitis?
Which condition is also known as atopic dermatitis?
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What is the primary function of the skin as mentioned in the content?
What is the primary function of the skin as mentioned in the content?
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Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for sensation?
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for sensation?
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What is the primary role of sebaceous glands in the skin?
What is the primary role of sebaceous glands in the skin?
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In which areas of the body are apocrine sweat glands most prevalent?
In which areas of the body are apocrine sweat glands most prevalent?
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What type of cells primarily make up the epidermis?
What type of cells primarily make up the epidermis?
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Which statement about eccrine sweat glands is correct?
Which statement about eccrine sweat glands is correct?
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What is the average growth rate of hair follicles?
What is the average growth rate of hair follicles?
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What is the primary component of nails as mentioned in the content?
What is the primary component of nails as mentioned in the content?
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Which type of birthmark is characterized by discolorations resembling spilled wine?
Which type of birthmark is characterized by discolorations resembling spilled wine?
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What is the primary treatment recommended for Port-wine stains?
What is the primary treatment recommended for Port-wine stains?
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Which birthmark is often a sign of neurofibromatosis if more than a few spots are larger than a quarter?
Which birthmark is often a sign of neurofibromatosis if more than a few spots are larger than a quarter?
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How do Mongolian spots typically present on individuals?
How do Mongolian spots typically present on individuals?
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Which type of mole is present at birth and can last a lifetime?
Which type of mole is present at birth and can last a lifetime?
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What is the significance of the 'ABCDE' acronym in skin lesion evaluation?
What is the significance of the 'ABCDE' acronym in skin lesion evaluation?
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What colors can pigmented birthmarks appear in?
What colors can pigmented birthmarks appear in?
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Which type of birthmark typically resolves without treatment by school age?
Which type of birthmark typically resolves without treatment by school age?
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What is the primary characteristic of scleroderma?
What is the primary characteristic of scleroderma?
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Which of the following substances is NOT commonly associated with triggering urticaria?
Which of the following substances is NOT commonly associated with triggering urticaria?
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Which age group is most commonly affected by psoriasis?
Which age group is most commonly affected by psoriasis?
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What is a distinguishing feature of rosacea?
What is a distinguishing feature of rosacea?
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What condition is characterized by the rapid buildup of epidermal cells resulting in silvery scales?
What condition is characterized by the rapid buildup of epidermal cells resulting in silvery scales?
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Which of the following best describes a keloid?
Which of the following best describes a keloid?
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What is the main factor that leads to the chronic inflammation observed in psoriasis?
What is the main factor that leads to the chronic inflammation observed in psoriasis?
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Which skin condition is NOT typically linked to hypersensitivity or immune response?
Which skin condition is NOT typically linked to hypersensitivity or immune response?
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What characteristic is most indicative of a potentially malignant skin lesion?
What characteristic is most indicative of a potentially malignant skin lesion?
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Which condition is primarily characterized by the absence of melanin due to a recessive genetic trait?
Which condition is primarily characterized by the absence of melanin due to a recessive genetic trait?
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Which of the following is a common presentation of vitiligo?
Which of the following is a common presentation of vitiligo?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with an auto-immune condition leading to skin depigmentation?
Which of the following diseases is associated with an auto-immune condition leading to skin depigmentation?
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What is a common symptom of herpes infections?
What is a common symptom of herpes infections?
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Which of these herpes viruses is known to cause chickenpox?
Which of these herpes viruses is known to cause chickenpox?
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What is the most severe form of albinism characterized by the lack of melanin in the skin, hair, and eyes?
What is the most severe form of albinism characterized by the lack of melanin in the skin, hair, and eyes?
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Which condition commonly associated with vitiligo appears between the ages of 10 to 30 years?
Which condition commonly associated with vitiligo appears between the ages of 10 to 30 years?
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Study Notes
The Integumentary System
- The skin is the largest organ in the body, providing protection, sensation, and temperature regulation.
- It consists of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis, with a subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).
Epidermis
- The epidermis has five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.
- The majority of epidermal cells are keratinocytes.
- Melanocytes produce melanin, which contributes to skin color.
Dermis
- The dermis is the deeper layer, composed of connective tissue and other cells.
- It contains blood vessels for nutrient and oxygen supply, waste removal, and heat regulation.
- Nerves provide sensation of touch, heat, cold, and pain.
Structures Embedded in the Dermis
- Sebaceous glands produce sebum, an oil that lubricates the skin.
- Apocrine sweat glands are located in the underarms, around nipples, umbilicus, anus, and genital areas. They become active during puberty and secrete odorless sweat.
- Eccrine sweat glands are found throughout the body and help regulate heat by secreting sweat through pores.
- Hair follicles produce hair, which grows approximately 1 cm per month.
- Nails are composed of keratin and reflect health status and nutrition.
Subcutaneous Layer
- Consists of connective tissue containing fat cells and blood vessels, protecting the body from cold.
- Fat content varies among individuals.
Skin Lesions
- Any discontinuity or abnormality of tissue.
- Often treated with steroids.
Vascular Birthmarks
- Port-wine stains: discolored areas resembling spilled wine, commonly found on the face, neck, arms, and legs.
- They grow with the child, darken over time, and can thicken with a cobblestone texture in mid-adulthood.
- Cannot be resolved spontaneously.
- Laser therapy is the treatment of choice.
Pigmented Birthmarks
- Clusters of pigmented cells that cause skin discoloration in various colors.
- Café au lait spots: common, resembling coffee with milk, potentially numerous and increasing with age.
- A single spot is usually not concerning.
- Multiple spots larger than a quarter can be a sign of neurofibromatosis and require evaluation.
- Mongolian spots: flat, bluish-gray patches often found on the lower back or buttocks, common in individuals with darker complexions.
- They typically fade by school age.
- Moles: tan, brown, or black, flat or raised, may have hair growth.
- Congenital nevi (present at birth) are permanent.
- Large or giant congenital nevi have an increased risk of developing into skin cancer.
- All moles should be monitored for cancerous changes.
ABCDE for Checking Skin Lesions
- Asymmetry: One half of the lesion does not match the other.
- Borders: Irregular borders, not well-defined.
- Color: Dark or mixed colors.
- Diameter: Greater than 6 mm (1/4 inch).
- Evolving: Any changes in size, shape, or color.
- Rapidly growing lesions or those with hair growth should be evaluated.
Disorders of Melanin
- Albinism: A recessive condition resulting in little or no melanin production, leading to white or pink hair, skin, and iris color, as well as vision problems.
- Vitiligo: Small, patchy areas of hypopigmentation caused by melanocyte death or dysfunction, resulting in slowly enlarging white patches of irregular shape.
- More noticeable in people with dark skin tones.
- Can be associated with pernicious anemia, hypothyroidism, and Addison's disease.
- Often appears between 10 and 30 years of age.
- Diagnosed with Wood's lamp.
Other Common Skin Diseases
- Infections, metabolic disorders, hypersensitivity, idiopathic disorders, and tumors.
Common Infections
-
Viral Diseases: Herpes
- Cold sores and fever blisters (herpes simplex 1 or HSV-1).
- Genital herpes (herpes simplex 2, HSV-2, or herpes genitalias).
- Chicken pox (herpes varicella zoster, VZV).
- Shingles (herpes zoster, VZV).
- Other, rarer herpes: ocular herpes, herpes simplex encephalitis, neonatal herpes simplex. These can lead to blindness and high morbidity and mortality.
- Symptoms include inflammation, clusters of fluid-filled vesicles, pain, and recurrence.
-
Bacterial Diseases:
- Cellulitis: Diffuse inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
- Erysipelas: Acute infection of the dermis extending into underlying fat tissue, characterized by a sharp line of demarcation and bright red color.
- Lyme Disease: Tick-borne illness with a characteristic bull's-eye rash.
- Symptoms include flu-like symptoms, arthritis, malaise, chills, and fever.
- Diagnosed based on exposure history and blood testing.
Common Metabolic Skin Diseases
- Acne Vulgaris: Inflammation of sebaceous glands and hair follicles, often occurring at puberty due to increased sex hormones.
- Seborrheic Dermatitis: Affects sebaceous glands, causing cradle cap in infants and dandruff in adults.
- Sebaceous Cysts: Pilonidal cysts develop around hair in the sacrococcygeal area.
Common Hypersensitivity or Immune Diseases
- Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): Common chronic inflammatory condition with an inherited tendency, often accompanied by asthma and allergic rhinitis.
- Urticaria (Hives): Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction causing welts triggered by allergens, food, or medicine.
- Contact Dermatitis: Acute or chronic reaction to allergens like cosmetics, laundry products, plants, jewelry, paint, drugs, plastics.
- Scleroderma: Chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by hardening and thickening of connective tissue.
- Psoriasis: Chronic inflammatory condition characterized by red, raised lesions with silvery scales, typically affecting elbows, knees, and scalp.
- Rosacea: Chronic condition causing facial redness, swelling, and eruptions similar to acne.
Skin Diseases – Benign Tumors
- Keloid: Raised mass of scar tissue formed following trauma or incision.
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Description
Explore the structure and functions of the integumentary system, focusing on the skin, its layers, and embedded structures. Understand the roles of the epidermis and dermis, along with their components like glands. Test your knowledge with this quiz on the largest organ of the body.
