Integumentary System and Skin Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What type of tissue primarily composes the hypodermis?

  • Smooth muscle tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Areolar and adipose tissues (correct)
  • Dense connective tissue

Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes?

  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum basale (correct)
  • Stratum corneum

Which type of cell in the epidermis is primarily responsible for the immune response?

  • Melanocytes
  • Dendritic cells (correct)
  • Tactile epithelial cells
  • Keratinocytes

What is the primary function of keratin in the epidermis?

<p>Resist tension and protect against moisture loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the dermis makes up approximately 80% of its thickness?

<p>Reticular dermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clear layer of the epidermis, known as lucidum, is found in which type of skin?

<p>Thick skin only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epidermal layer is actively involved in the production of new cells?

<p>Stratum basale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure helps to form fingerprints on the skin?

<p>Dermal papillae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tension lines, also known as Langer lines, used for in surgery?

<p>To align incisions with collagen fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes cyanosis in the skin?

<p>Reduction in blood flow or oxygenation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nail is known as the cuticle?

<p>Eponychium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?

<p>Secretion of sebum to lubricate skin and hair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of hair is found at the center of its structure?

<p>Medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of apocrine glands differentiates them from eccrine glands?

<p>Apocrine glands make thick, cloudy sweat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component that makes up hair?

<p>Hard keratin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary color contributors to skin pigmentation?

<p>Melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the epidermis in the integumentary system?

<p>Protection from external pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in the epidermis is involved in sensory reception?

<p>Tactile epithelial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis primarily resists tension?

<p>Stratum spinosum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the dermis?

<p>Dense irregular connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue forms the hypodermis?

<p>Areolar and adipose tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following layers of the epidermis contains keratohyalin granules?

<p>Stratum granulosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dermal papillae are specifically found in which layer of the skin?

<p>Papillary dermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sebum secreted by sebaceous glands?

<p>It lubricates and softens hair and skin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hair is characterized by a central core called the medulla?

<p>Terminal hair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?

<p>Protection against abrasion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily found in the papillary dermis?

<p>Loose areolar connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eccrine sweat glands from apocrine sweat glands?

<p>Eccrine glands are more numerous and produce true sweat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clear layer of the epidermis, present only in thick skin, is known as what?

<p>Stratum lucidum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is referred to as the eponychium in nails?

<p>The cuticle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the phenomenon known as jaundice?

<p>A buildup of bilirubin due to hemoglobin metabolism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical role of flexure lines found in the skin?

<p>They show the creases formed in certain areas like palms and wrists. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of hair is the outermost and provides protection?

<p>Cuticle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are tension lines beneficial during surgical procedures?

<p>They reduce the visibility of scars. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the arrector pili muscle serve in relation to hair?

<p>It contracts to make hair stand up. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Skin function

Protection, body temperature regulation, excretion, vitamin D production, and sensory reception

Integumentary System

Composed of skin and its appendages (hair, nails, and skin glands)

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin, made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Made of multiple layers.

Dermis

The deeper layer of skin, strong and flexible connective tissue holding blood vessels.

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Epidermal Ridges

Elevated areas of the epidermis that create friction ridges, like fingerprints.

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Keratinocytes

Skin cells that produce keratin, a fibrous protein.

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Melanocytes

Skin cells producing pigment (melanin) for skin color.

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Dermal Papillae

Small projections of the dermis that meet the epidermis.

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Skin Color Pigments

Skin color is determined by various pigments, including melanin (race-based), hemoglobin (oxygenation), carotene (carrots), and bilirubin (jaundice).

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Skin Appendages: Hair

Hair is a flexible, keratinized strand growing from a follicle that contains medulla (core), cortex (surrounding), and cuticle (outermost).

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Skin Appendages: Nails

Nails are hard keratin plates that protect the ends of fingers and toes, composed of a free edge, plate, and root.

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Skin Glands: Eccrine Sweat

Eccrine sweat glands are the most common type; they produce true sweat, which is a clear fluid.

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Skin Glands: Sebaceous

Sebaceous glands secrete sebum (oil) to lubricate skin and hair, located all over the body (except palms/soles).

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Skin Glands: Apocrine Sweat

Apocrine sweat glands produce a thicker, odorous sweat, found in the axillary, anal and genital areas. They are modified to produce cerumen (earwax) and milk (mammary)

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Skin Strength: Langer Lines

Langer lines or tension lines are separations in the collagen fibers where incisions result in faster, stronger healing in surgical procedures.

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Skin Structure: Flexure Lines

Flexure lines are skin creases on the palms and wrists.

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Langer Lines

Lines that indicate collagen fiber separation in the skin. Incisions made parallel to these lines heal better and faster.

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Flexure Lines

Skin creases found on the palms and wrists.

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Skin Color: Melanin

A pigment produced by melanocytes that gives skin its color. The amount and type of melanin determine our race and genetics.

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Skin Color: Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Oxygenated hemoglobin gives skin a pink hue, while deoxygenated hemoglobin makes it blue.

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Cyanosis

A bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels or reduced blood flow.

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Skin Color: Carotene

A yellow pigment found in carrots and other vegetables. It can accumulate in the skin, giving it a yellowish tint.

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Skin Color: Bilirubin

A yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin. A buildup of bilirubin in the blood can cause jaundice (yellow skin).

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Hair's Inner Layer: Medulla

The central core of a hair shaft, containing keratinized cells.

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Hair's Outer Layer: Cuticle

The outermost layer of a hair shaft, responsible for hair's shine and smoothness.

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Erector Pili Muscle

A small muscle attached to hair follicles, causing goosebumps when it contracts.

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What are the layers of the epidermis?

The epidermis has 5 layers, from deepest to most superficial: Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum (thick skin only), and Corneum.

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What is the function of keratinocytes?

Keratinocytes are the most abundant cells in the epidermis; they produce keratin, a fibrous protein that helps protect and strengthen the skin.

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Melanocytes: What do they do?

Melanocytes produce melanin, a pigment that gives skin its color and protects against UV radiation.

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What makes up the dermis?

The dermis is composed of dense connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. It has two layers: the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis.

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What are dermal papillae?

Dermal papillae are small projections of the dermis that interlock with the epidermis, forming the epidermal ridges seen as fingerprints.

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What is the function of the hypodermis?

The hypodermis, also known as subcutaneous tissue, is not technically part of the skin but lies beneath it. It's composed of adipose tissue and areolar connective tissue, serving as insulation, energy storage, and cushioning.

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What connective tissue is fascia?

Fascia is a dense connective tissue that wraps, packages, and insulates deep body structures.

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What is investing fascia?

Investing fascia is a type of fascia that extends from the internal surface of the fascia to deeper structures, such as muscles and neurovascular bundles.

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What is the function of the stratum corneum?

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead keratinocytes. It serves as a protective barrier against abrasion, waterproofing, and penetration by pathogens.

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What is the difference between papillary and reticular dermis?

The papillary dermis is the upper layer of the dermis, made of loose areolar connective tissue and containing the dermal papillae. The reticular dermis is the lower, thicker layer made of dense irregular connective tissue.

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Study Notes

Skin

  • Skin's functions: protection, body temperature regulation, excretion, vitamin D production, sensory reception
  • Integumentary system: skin and appendages (hair, nails, skin glands)
  • Skin layers: epidermis (superficial) and dermis (deeper)
  • Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue): deepest layer, areolar and adipose tissues
  • Fascia: dense connective tissue wrapping/packaging deep body structures, investing fascia surrounds muscles and neurovascular bundles

Epidermis

  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Layers (deep to superficial): basale (germinativum), spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (in thick skin only), corneum
  • Cell types:
    • Keratinocytes: produce keratin, fibrous
    • Melanocytes: produce pigment
    • Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells): sensory nerve endings
    • Dendritic cells (Langerhans cells): part of immune system, macrophage-like
  • Epidermis meets dermis at epidermal ridges, dermal papillae
  • Functions of epidermal layers: basal layer actively produces cells, spinosum layer resists tension, granulosum layer contains keratohyalin granules, lucidum layer (in thick skin) has clear, dead keratinocytes, corneum is the outermost horny layer of dead keratinocytes.

Dermis

  • Strong, flexible connective tissue with blood vessels
  • Two layers: papillary (loose areolar tissue, dermal papillae), reticular (dense irregular tissue, 80% of thickness)
  • Dermal papillae: elevations on dermal ridges that create fingerprints
  • Tension lines (Langer lines): collagen fibers' orientation, helps with surgical incisions
  • Flexure lines: creases in palms and wrists.
  • Pigments: melanin (skin color, genetics) and hemoglobin (oxygenation)
  • Other pigments: carotene (yellow), bilirubin (jaundice).
  • Cyanosis: bluish discoloration due to reduced blood flow/oxygen.

Nails

  • Scale-like modifications of epidermis
  • Parts: free edge, nail plate, root, folds, cuticle

Hair

  • Flexible keratinized cells, hard keratin (durable)
  • Hair follicle extends into dermis, hair bulb is deep expanded end, root plexus is sensory nerves, arrector pili muscle connects to hair follicle to cause goosebumps
  • Hair shaft projects above skin's surface
  • Hair layers: medulla, cortex, surrounded by cuticle.

Skin Glands

  • Sebaceous glands: secrete sebum (oil), simple alveolar glands, over entire body except soles and palms
  • Eccrine glands: most numerous, produce true sweat
  • Apocrine glands: axillary, anal, and genital areas, make thick, cloudy sweat. Modified apocrine glands are ceruminous (ear wax) and mammary.

Burns

  • Classified by severity: 1st degree (only epidermis), 2nd degree (epidermis and upper dermis, blisters), 3rd degree (epidermis and dermis, consumes thick skin)
  • Burns classifications: 1st degree- epidermis, 2nd- epidermis or upper dermis, blisters, 3rd- epidermis and all dermis, white, red, black

Skin Cancer

  • Basal cell carcinoma (least malignant, most common)
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum)
  • Melanoma (deadly, cancer of melanocytes)

General

  • Fully differentiated keratinocytes in the corneum are also called corneocytes that shed in epidermal turnover.
  • Hypodermis: insulation and protection (aka subcutaneous tissue)
  • Spinosum layer contains desmosomes, which are cell-to-cell adhesion proteins that give the keratinocytes their spiny appearance: spinosum= strength.

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Integumentary System PDF

Description

Explore the structure and functions of the skin in this quiz. Delve into the layers of the skin, including the epidermis and dermis, and understand the role of various cell types. This quiz covers key concepts related to the integumentary system and the skin's protective functions.

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