Integumentary System Development and Aging

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Questions and Answers

What are the two germ layers that the integumentary system structures are derived from?

Ectoderm and mesoderm

What is the primary cause of the immediate threat to life in burns?

Fluid loss, infection, and the effects of burned, dead tissue

How are burns classified?

By depth of tissue involvement

What is the characteristic of first-degree burns?

Redness, pain, and slight edema, involving only the epidermis Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for first-degree burns?

Immersing the burned area in cool water or applying cool, wet compresses, possibly followed by covering the burn with sterile, nonadhesive bandages Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of second-degree burns?

Blistered and painful, involving the epidermis and part of the dermis Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to burned limbs in second-degree burns?

Elevating them to prevent swelling Signup and view all the answers

Why is applying ointments to the blisters in second-degree burns not recommended?

Because the ointments can retain heat in the burned area Signup and view all the answers

What are the three layers of skin that are typically destroyed in a third-degree burn?

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern with debridement in burn wounds?

Removing dead tissue and foreign material from the wound Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of estimating surface area of a burn using the rule of nines?

To determine appropriate fluid replacement Signup and view all the answers

What is the criterion for a burn to be considered very severe or critical?

Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns or over 10% of the body has third-degree burns, or third-degree burns are present on the hands, feet, face, or perineum Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an escharotomy in severe burn cases?

To lessen the constriction caused by swelling Signup and view all the answers

Why do individuals with severe burns require additional caloric intake?

To meet the increased demands of the body's hypermetabolic state Signup and view all the answers

What is botulinum toxin type A (Botox) commonly used to treat?

Wrinkles caused by repeated facial muscle expression Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the effect of Botox treatment?

About 4 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of overusing Botox?

A face that appears frozen and devoid of facial expression Signup and view all the answers

What is the bacterium from which botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is derived?

Clostridium botulinum Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary germ layers that form the integument?

ectoderm and mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

By what week of development do fingernails and toenails start to form?

10 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vernix caseosa?

waterproof protective coating Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of reduced stem cell activity in the epidermis?

thinner skin that is less likely to protect against abrasive, mechanical trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of chronic UV ray exposure on the p53 gene?

mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of cancer?

skin cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of years of particular facial expressions?

crease lines in the integument Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aging on collagen fibers in the dermis?

decrease in number and organization Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aging on epidermal dendritic cells?

decrease in number and efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended prevention method for skin cancer?

using sunscreen regularly and avoiding prolonged exposure to the sun Signup and view all the answers

What is the most crucial step in preventing skin cancer, and why is it essential?

Regular self-inspection of skin and routine examination by a dermatologist. It is essential because early detection improves survival rates and leads to more effective treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes basal cell carcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma in terms of metastasis?

Basal cell carcinoma seldom metastasizes, while squamous cell carcinoma may metastasize to other parts of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ABCDE rule used for in melanoma detection, and what does each letter represent?

The ABCDE rule is used to remember the signs of melanoma. A = Asymmetry, B = Border, C = Color, D = Diameter, and E = Evolving. Signup and view all the answers

Why is malignant melanoma considered the most deadly type of skin cancer?

Malignant melanoma is considered the most deadly due to its aggressive growth and high metastatic potential. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in the site of origin for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma?

Basal cell carcinoma originates in the stratum basale, while squamous cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical appearance of a basal cell carcinoma lesion, and where do they usually occur?

Basal cell carcinoma lesions are small, pearly white or pink, shiny elevations with small blood vessels running along them, usually occurring on the face. Signup and view all the answers

Why are individuals who have had severe sunburns, especially as children, at increased risk for melanoma?

Severe sunburns, especially in childhood, increase the risk of melanoma due to DNA damage and potential mutations in melanocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key advantage of early detection in malignant melanoma, and how does it impact treatment outcomes?

Early detection improves survival rates and allows for surgical removal of the lesion, whereas advanced cases are difficult to cure and require more aggressive treatments. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Development and Aging of the Integumentary System

Development of the Integument

The integumentary system structures are derived from both ectoderm and mesoderm germ layers.
The ectoderm is the origin of the epidermis, whereas the mesoderm is the origin of the dermis.
By the end of week 7 of development, the ectoderm forms a layer of squamous epithelium that flattens and then becomes both a covering layer (periderm) and an underlying basal layer.
The basal layer will form the stratum basale and all other epidermal layers.
During the fetal period (weeks 9–38), the periderm is eventually sloughed off, and the sloughed-off cells mix with sebum secreted by the sebaceous glands, producing a waterproof protective coating called the vernix caseosa that coats the skin of the fetus.
The dermis is derived from mesoderm, which becomes mesenchyme during weeks 3–8.
Fingernails and toenails start to form in the tenth week of development, and hair follicles begin to appear between 9 and 12 weeks of development as pockets of cells called hair buds invade the dermis from the overlying stratum basale of the epidermis.

Burns

Burns are a major cause of accidental death and are usually caused by heat, radiation, harmful chemicals, sunlight, or electrical shock.
First-degree burns involve only the epidermis and are characterized by redness, pain, and slight edema. Treatment involves immersing the burned area in cool water or applying cool, wet compresses.
Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis, and the skin is also blistered and painful. Treatment is similar to that for first-degree burns, and care must be taken not to break the blisters.
Third-degree burns involve the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer, which often are destroyed. Skin grafting is typically needed for patients with third-degree burns.
The severity of a burn injury is measured not only by the degree of the burn but also by the age of the patient, the general size of the burn, and the location of the burn.

Botox and Wrinkles

Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is a popular treatment for wrinkles caused by repeated facial muscle expression.
Botox temporarily blocks nerve impulses to the facial expression muscles, thereby decreasing or eliminating the wrinkles they produce.
The effect is temporary, and an individual must repeat the procedure after about 4 months, as the muscles regain their function.

Aging of the Integument

Skin changes do not become obvious until an individual reaches middle age.
The skin repair processes take longer to complete because of a reduced number and activity of stem cells.
Collagen fibers in the dermis decrease in number and organization, and elastic fibers lose elasticity.
Years of particular facial expressions produce crease lines in the integument, resulting in wrinkles.
Hair follicles either produce thinner hairs or stop production entirely.
Smoking and chronic overexposure to UV rays can damage the DNA in epidermal cells and accelerate aging.

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer and occurs most frequently on the head and neck regions, followed by other regions commonly exposed to the sun.
Fair-skinned individuals, especially those who had severe sunburns as children, are most at risk for skin cancer.
Individuals should use sunscreen regularly and avoid prolonged exposure to the sun.
Skin cancer can arise in anyone at any age, but the risk of skin cancer increases as we age.
The ABCDE rule is used to detect melanoma: Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, and Evolving.

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Description

Learn about the development and aging of the integumentary system, including the origin of epidermis and dermis from ectoderm and mesoderm germ layers.