Questions and Answers
Which of the following are layers of the epidermis? (Select all that apply)
What is the tissue type of the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the tissue type of the dermis?
Dense irregular connective tissue
What type of tissue is found in the hypodermis/subcutaneous layer?
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What is the main function of the integumentary system?
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What are different cell types seen in the epidermis? (Select all that apply)
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What function do keratinocytes serve in the skin?
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What are tactile cells also known as?
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What condition is known for the overproduction of skin cells?
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What does cyanosis indicate?
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What skin condition is characterized by yellowing of the skin?
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What is a hematoma?
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What type of glands secrete substances outward?
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What do merocrine sweat glands secrete?
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What are the three types of skin cancer?
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What is the ABCDE rule used for?
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What are the layers of hair? (Select all that apply)
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Study Notes
Layers of the Epidermis
- Five distinct layers: Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, and Stratum Basale.
- Mnemonic for remembering: CLGSB - "Come Let's Get Sun Burned."
Tissue Types
- Epidermis: Composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
- Dermis: Made of dense irregular connective tissue.
- Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer: Contains adipose and areolar connective tissue.
Functions of the Integumentary System
- Protects underlying tissues and organs.
- Excretes salt, water, and organic wastes via glands.
- Regulates body temperature through insulation and evaporation.
- Synthesizes Vitamin D3.
- Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
Cell Types in the Epidermis
- Keratinocytes: Main cell type providing keratin for skin strength and waterproofing.
- Tactile Cells (Merkel Cells): Sensory touch receptors.
- Melanocytes: Produce melanin for pigmentation.
- Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells: Immune cells aiding in infection defense.
Skin Disorders
- Psoriasis: Chronic immune disorder characterized by rapid skin cell production leading to scaly patches.
Dermal Structure
- Papillary Layer: Superficial layer housing blood capillaries, nerve endings, and dermal papillae.
- Reticular Layer: Deep layer containing blood vessels, sweat/oil glands, and deep pressure receptors.
Skin Color and Conditions
- Cyanosis: Bluish skin indicating poor circulation or deoxygenated blood.
- Jaundice: Yellowing skin and eyes, indicating possible liver issues.
- Hematoma: Blackish-blue marks due to clotted blood under the skin.
- Albinism: Lack of skin pigment due to inability to produce melanin.
Integumentary Structures
- Includes nails, hair, and exocrine glands originating from epidermal epithelium.
- Nails: Modifications of the Stratum Corneum helping protect digits and assist in grasping.
Hair Structure and Function
- Made of dead keratinized cells, growing from hair follicles.
- Types: Vellus hair (fine, soft hair) and terminal hair (coarse, pigmented hair).
- Hair functions include protection, expression, heat retention, and sensory reception.
Glands of the Integumentary System
- Exocrine glands secrete substances outward, including:
- Merocrine Sweat Glands: Produce watery fluid for thermoregulation.
- Apocrine Sweat Glands: Secrete into hair follicles contributing to body odor.
- Sebaceous Glands: Secrete sebum into hair follicles for lubrication and antibacterial function.
Hair Components
- Layers: Medulla (inner), cortex (middle), cuticle (outer).
- Zones: Bulb (base), root (extends to surface), shaft (extends beyond skin).
Integument Aging and Damage
- Aging results in thinning, wrinkling, and increased vulnerability to UV damage.
Types of Burns
- Classified as first degree, second degree, or third degree burns.
Skin Cancer Types
- Three major types: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
- Basal Cell Carcinoma: Most common, least dangerous, seldom metastasizes.
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Slow-growing but can metastasize, arises from keratinocytes.
- Malignant Melanoma: Most dangerous, aggressive metastasis from melanocytes.
Malignant Melanoma Signs (ABCDE Rule)
- Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than 6mm, Evolving changes.
Epidermal Layers Characteristics
- Stratum Corneum: 20-30 dead keratinized cells, strongest layer ("Horny Layer").
- Stratum Lucidum: Thin, clear layer present in palms and soles ("Clear Layer").
- Stratum Granulosum: Site of keratinization as cells die ("Granular Layer").
- Stratum Spinosum: Layers of keratinocytes with spiny appearance ("Spiny Layer").
- Stratum Basale: Deepest layer with cuboidal or low columnar cells firmly attached to basement membrane.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the layers of the epidermis, tissue types in the integumentary system, and other key concepts from Chapter 6. These flashcards cover critical definitions and mnemonics to help with your studies. Perfect for students of biology or anatomy!
