Epidermis and Connective Tissue Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of blood in the body?

To distribute nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to body cells (correct)

To provide structural support to tissues

To distribute metabolic wastes only

To transport carbon dioxide exclusively

Which of the following components are found in lymph?

Plasma and formed elements

Lymphocytes and lymph fluid (correct)

Lymphocytes and red blood cells

White blood cells and platelets

How does blood contribute to immune protection?

By forming fences around infected cells

By transporting cells of the immune system that protect against infection and disease (correct)

By distributing antibodies exclusively

By creating barriers in the bloodstream

What is the average volume of blood in an average adult female body?

4-5L Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the composition of blood?

Blood consists of formed elements and plasma Signup and view all the answers

What do primary lymphatic organs primarily produce and store?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Where are activated lymphocytes primarily found after they divide?

In secondary lymphatic structures Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the thymus gland is true?

It undergoes involution with age. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pulmonary arteries?

Transport blood away from the heart to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What role do secondary lymphatic organs play in the immune response?

They initiate most immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is considered the largest lymphoid organ in the body?

Spleen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding pulmonary veins?

They deliver oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs Signup and view all the answers

How many pulmonary veins enter the heart?

4 pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the heart does the blood enter after flowing through the pulmonary veins?

Left atrium Signup and view all the answers

What color is typically used to represent deoxygenated blood in diagrams of the cardiovascular system?

Blue Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels are responsible for carrying blood back to the heart from the lungs?

Pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of pulmonary arteries being named relative to the heart?

Reflects their role in the pulmonary circulation system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of connective tissue in relation to epithelial tissue?

Supports epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for the production of keratin?

Stratum basale Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are Merkel cells, and what is their primary function?

Sensory touch receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

Synthesize melanin pigment Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is highlighted as forming an umbrella over the nucleus of keratinocytes?

Stratum basale Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the basal lamina?

It connects the epidermis to the dermis Signup and view all the answers

Which epidermal layer is specifically noted for being present only in non-hairy skin?

Stratum lucidum Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of keratinocytes produced in the stratum basale?

They synthesize keratin Signup and view all the answers

Which epidermal layer is the most superficial and serves to protect underlying layers?

Stratum corneum Signup and view all the answers

How do melanocytes contribute to UV protection?

By transferring melanin to keratinocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hair papilla?

Provides nutrition and cellular division Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hair is the finest and typically found on the body surfaces?

Vellus Signup and view all the answers

What causes the varying colors of hair?

Synthesis of melanin by melanocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the arrector pili muscle's function?

Causes goosebumps Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the regression stage of the hair growth cycle?

Cells in the hair matrix stop dividing Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the hair contains the most densely packed keratinized cells?

Cortex Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the curliness or straightness of hair?

Cross-sectional shape of the hair Signup and view all the answers

Which hair type is typically associated with aging due to reduced melanin production?

Gray hair Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hair matrix?

Contains germinal cells for hair growth Signup and view all the answers

What muscular structure is responsible for the movement of hair follicles?

Arrector pili Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Connective Tissue

Supports epithelial tissue
Provides strength and elasticity
Important for thermoregulation through vasculature

Sensory Tissue

Generates sensation including tactile, pressure, temperature, and pain
Stimulates exocrine glands

Epidermis Layers

Stratum corneum - outermost layer, keratinized, provides protection
Stratum lucidum - present in non-hairy skin, translucent layer
Stratum granulosum - granular layer, cells contain keratohyalin granules
Stratum spinosum - spiny layer, cells connected by desmosomes
Stratum basale (germinativum) - deepest layer, contains basal stem cells, Merkel cells, and melanocytes

Stratum Basale

Basal stem cells constantly divide to produce new keratinocytes
Forms the basal lamina, firmly attaching the epidermis to the dermis

Merkel Cells

Least common cell type, but more abundant in hairless areas like fingertips and lips
Important for touch sensation, acting as sensory touch receptors

Melanocytes

Synthesize melanin pigment, protecting DNA from UV radiation
Transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes through a process called "donation"
Number of melanocytes varies across the body

Hair Anatomy

Hair follicle - contains the hair root and bulb
Arrector pili - smooth muscle that connects to the root sheath, responsible for goosebumps
Hair matrix - germinal cells around the papilla, responsible for hair growth
Hair papilla - sole source of nutrition for hair growth and cell division

Hair Types

Lanugo: fine hair found on a fetus
Vellus: fine hair found on most body surfaces
Terminal hair: longer, coarser, and pigmented hair found in areas like eyebrows, eyelashes, and pubic area

Hair Characteristics

Hair can vary in shape, length, diameter, and color
Cross-section of hair can be circular, triangular, or flattened, influencing curl
Hair texture can be coarse or fine, determined by keratin content
Hair color is determined by melanin synthesis by melanocytes in the hair matrix

Hair Follicle Anatomy

Cortex: densely packed keratinized cells, forming the majority of the hair shaft
Medulla: soft cells with irregular shape and air spaces, contributing to hair color
Root sheath: epithelial and dermal layers surrounding the hair root
Cuticle: outermost layer of hard, scaly keratinized cells that overlap, protecting the hair shaft

Hair Growth Cycle

Growth (active) stage: stem cells multiply and push existing cells up, leading to keratinization and cell death
Regression stage: hair matrix cells stop dividing, leading to club hair formation

Pulmonary Arteries and Veins

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

Blood and Lymph Systems

Blood is a fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements and plasma
Lymph is a fluid connective tissue composed of lymphocytes and lymph fluid
Lymph fluid is a dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid

Blood Functions

Distributes nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to body cells
Carries metabolic wastes away from cells to the kidneys
Carries carbon dioxide away from tissues to the lungs
Transports immune system cells to fight infection and disease

Blood Volume

5-6L in average male
4-5L in average female

Lymphocytes

Circulate continuously through peripheral tissue
Reside in lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphoid tissue
Reside in bone marrow, spleen, and lymphoid tissue

Lymphatic Organs

Primary organs: produce, maintain, and store lymphocytes (bone marrow, thymus gland)
Secondary (peripheral) organs: initiate immune responses (spleen, lymph nodes)

Thymus Gland

Lies posterior to the manubrium in the superior mediastinum
Source of T lymphocytes (differentiate, mature, and proliferate here)

Spleen

Largest lymphoid organ
Located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, against the posterior body wall

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Description

Test your knowledge on the structure and functions of connective tissue and sensory tissues, as well as the layers of the epidermis. This quiz covers important concepts such as thermoregulation, sensation, and the roles of specific skin cells. Perfect for students studying biology or anatomy.