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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of blood in the body?
Which of the following components are found in lymph?
How does blood contribute to immune protection?
What is the average volume of blood in an average adult female body?
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Which statement accurately describes the composition of blood?
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What do primary lymphatic organs primarily produce and store?
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Where are activated lymphocytes primarily found after they divide?
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Which statement about the thymus gland is true?
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What is the primary function of pulmonary arteries?
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What role do secondary lymphatic organs play in the immune response?
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Which organ is considered the largest lymphoid organ in the body?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding pulmonary veins?
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How many pulmonary veins enter the heart?
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In which part of the heart does the blood enter after flowing through the pulmonary veins?
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What color is typically used to represent deoxygenated blood in diagrams of the cardiovascular system?
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Which vessels are responsible for carrying blood back to the heart from the lungs?
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What is the significance of pulmonary arteries being named relative to the heart?
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What is the primary role of connective tissue in relation to epithelial tissue?
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Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for the production of keratin?
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What type of cells are Merkel cells, and what is their primary function?
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What is the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?
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Which layer of the epidermis is highlighted as forming an umbrella over the nucleus of keratinocytes?
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What is the significance of the basal lamina?
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Which epidermal layer is specifically noted for being present only in non-hairy skin?
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What is a key characteristic of keratinocytes produced in the stratum basale?
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Which epidermal layer is the most superficial and serves to protect underlying layers?
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How do melanocytes contribute to UV protection?
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What is the primary function of the hair papilla?
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Which type of hair is the finest and typically found on the body surfaces?
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What causes the varying colors of hair?
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Which of the following describes the arrector pili muscle's function?
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What happens during the regression stage of the hair growth cycle?
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Which part of the hair contains the most densely packed keratinized cells?
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What contributes to the curliness or straightness of hair?
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Which hair type is typically associated with aging due to reduced melanin production?
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What is the role of the hair matrix?
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What muscular structure is responsible for the movement of hair follicles?
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Study Notes
Connective Tissue
- Supports epithelial tissue
- Provides strength and elasticity
- Important for thermoregulation through vasculature
Sensory Tissue
- Generates sensation including tactile, pressure, temperature, and pain
- Stimulates exocrine glands
Epidermis Layers
- Stratum corneum - outermost layer, keratinized, provides protection
- Stratum lucidum - present in non-hairy skin, translucent layer
- Stratum granulosum - granular layer, cells contain keratohyalin granules
- Stratum spinosum - spiny layer, cells connected by desmosomes
- Stratum basale (germinativum) - deepest layer, contains basal stem cells, Merkel cells, and melanocytes
Stratum Basale
- Basal stem cells constantly divide to produce new keratinocytes
- Forms the basal lamina, firmly attaching the epidermis to the dermis
Merkel Cells
- Least common cell type, but more abundant in hairless areas like fingertips and lips
- Important for touch sensation, acting as sensory touch receptors
Melanocytes
- Synthesize melanin pigment, protecting DNA from UV radiation
- Transfer melanin granules to keratinocytes through a process called "donation"
- Number of melanocytes varies across the body
Hair Anatomy
- Hair follicle - contains the hair root and bulb
- Arrector pili - smooth muscle that connects to the root sheath, responsible for goosebumps
- Hair matrix - germinal cells around the papilla, responsible for hair growth
- Hair papilla - sole source of nutrition for hair growth and cell division
Hair Types
- Lanugo: fine hair found on a fetus
- Vellus: fine hair found on most body surfaces
- Terminal hair: longer, coarser, and pigmented hair found in areas like eyebrows, eyelashes, and pubic area
Hair Characteristics
- Hair can vary in shape, length, diameter, and color
- Cross-section of hair can be circular, triangular, or flattened, influencing curl
- Hair texture can be coarse or fine, determined by keratin content
- Hair color is determined by melanin synthesis by melanocytes in the hair matrix
Hair Follicle Anatomy
- Cortex: densely packed keratinized cells, forming the majority of the hair shaft
- Medulla: soft cells with irregular shape and air spaces, contributing to hair color
- Root sheath: epithelial and dermal layers surrounding the hair root
- Cuticle: outermost layer of hard, scaly keratinized cells that overlap, protecting the hair shaft
Hair Growth Cycle
- Growth (active) stage: stem cells multiply and push existing cells up, leading to keratinization and cell death
- Regression stage: hair matrix cells stop dividing, leading to club hair formation
Pulmonary Arteries and Veins
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart
- Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
- Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart
Blood and Lymph Systems
- Blood is a fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements and plasma
- Lymph is a fluid connective tissue composed of lymphocytes and lymph fluid
- Lymph fluid is a dilute solution of proteins and excess interstitial fluid
Blood Functions
- Distributes nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to body cells
- Carries metabolic wastes away from cells to the kidneys
- Carries carbon dioxide away from tissues to the lungs
- Transports immune system cells to fight infection and disease
Blood Volume
- 5-6L in average male
- 4-5L in average female
Lymphocytes
- Circulate continuously through peripheral tissue
- Reside in lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphoid tissue
- Reside in bone marrow, spleen, and lymphoid tissue
Lymphatic Organs
- Primary organs: produce, maintain, and store lymphocytes (bone marrow, thymus gland)
- Secondary (peripheral) organs: initiate immune responses (spleen, lymph nodes)
Thymus Gland
- Lies posterior to the manubrium in the superior mediastinum
- Source of T lymphocytes (differentiate, mature, and proliferate here)
Spleen
- Largest lymphoid organ
- Located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, against the posterior body wall
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and functions of connective tissue and sensory tissues, as well as the layers of the epidermis. This quiz covers important concepts such as thermoregulation, sensation, and the roles of specific skin cells. Perfect for students studying biology or anatomy.
