Skin Structure and Layers Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer?

  • To regenerate new skin cells
  • To connect skin to underlying tissue (correct)
  • To absorb nutrients from the bloodstream
  • To produce sweat
  • In which area are apocrine sweat glands primarily located?

  • Axilla and pubic region (correct)
  • Palms and soles
  • Forehead and nose
  • Back of the hands and feet
  • Which type of tissue is predominantly found in the subcutaneous layer?

  • Adipose tissue (correct)
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • How does sweat loss differ during prolonged heavy exercise compared to normal temperatures?

    <p>It increases dramatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of sweat glands found in the skin?

    <p>Apocrine and merocrine/eccrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melanocytes in the skin?

    <p>To create melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers of epidermis are found in thick skin?

    <p>5 layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells continuously form in the basal cell layer of the epidermis?

    <p>Keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the stratum corneum?

    <p>It has dead cells filled with keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes thin skin from thick skin?

    <p>The number of epidermal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the epidermis play in protecting the body?

    <p>Acting as a barrier against microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?

    <p>Stratum Lucidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the stratum granulosum?

    <p>Flat cells with degenerating nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for heat loss that involves direct transfer through physical contact?

    <p>Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heat loss mechanism is responsible for the evaporation of sweat?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the temperature at the pre-optic area rises above its set point?

    <p>Stimulating the heat loss centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to roughly 15% of the body's heat loss indoors?

    <p>Convection to cooler air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does vasodilation have on heat loss?

    <p>Increases blood flow to the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT a method for heat loss described in the content?

    <p>Inhibition of sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sensory thermoreceptors play in temperature regulation?

    <p>They bring information to the hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a mechanism for heat loss mediated by hypothalamic reflexes?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the heat-promoting center?

    <p>To prevent hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT involved in heat gain?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone released by the adrenal medulla increases glycogenolysis?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the chill stage of fever?

    <p>Activation of heat production mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves increased metabolism by the liver and BAT adipose breakdown?

    <p>Non-shivering thermogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the resetting of the thermostat in the fever mechanism?

    <p>Prostaglandin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of fever during the initial stages?

    <p>Chills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What usually stimulates the development of fever?

    <p>Bacterial or viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of merocrine glands during thermoregulation?

    <p>To cool the body by producing sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pigment is responsible for giving skin its yellowish hue?

    <p>Carotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes albinism in an individual?

    <p>Total absence of melanocyte activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands are responsible for producing ear wax?

    <p>Ceruminous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do capillaries in the dermis play regarding skin color?

    <p>Contribute to redness not masked by pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure synthesizes Vitamin D3 upon UV exposure?

    <p>Melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?

    <p>Discharging oily lipid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by patchy absence of melanocyte activity?

    <p>Vitiligo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of arteriovenous shunts in the skin?

    <p>To conserve heat by bypassing capillary networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vitamin deficiency is associated with abnormal bone development in children?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skin Structure

    • Superficial fascia is a layer of connective tissue that connects the dermis to the hypodermis.
    • Epidermis has three main types of cells: squamous cells, basal cells, and melanocytes.
    • The basement membrane separates the epidermis from the deeper layers of the skin.
    • Thick skin is found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
    • Thin skin is found on the rest of the body.
    • The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium layer, composed of keratinocytes.
    • It provides water resistance, protection from microorganisms and abrasion, and supports some sensory cells.
    • The fingerprint is a pattern of epidermal ridges that increase the surface area for contact between the epidermis and dermis.

    Layers of the Epidermis

    • Stratum Corneum: outermost layer, composed of 15-30 rows of flat, dead cells filled with keratin. Continually shed and replaced.
    • Stratum Lucidum: only found in thick skin, composed of flat, densely packed cells.
    • Stratum Granulosum: 3-5 rows of flattened cells with degenerating nuclei.

    Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)

    • Connects the skin to the underlying tissue.
    • Primarily composed of adipose tissue, which serves as an energy store and insulation.
    • Contains sensory nerve endings called Pacinian corpuscles, sensitive to pressure and vibration.

    Subcutaneous Fat Deposition

    • Important for insulation in babies.
    • Hormone-dependent, especially during puberty.
    • Distribution varies in location with different body shapes like pear or apple shape.
    • Adipose tissue can be white or brown.

    Exocrine Glands

    • Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands
      • Apocrine: Simple branched tubular glands located in axilla, pubic region and areolae of breast. Secretion begins at puberty.
      • Merocrine/eccrine: Coiled tubular glands widely distributed in the body. Secretion onto surface, important for cooling, excretion and protection.
    • Sebaceous (oil) glands: Holocrine glands that discharge oily lipid secretion called sebum into hair follicles.

    Other Integumentary Glands

    • Ceruminous glands: Modified sudoriferous glands found in the auditory canal. Excretion onto surface or into sebaceous glands, contributing to ear wax (cerumen).
    • Mammary glands: Anatomically related to apocrine glands, development and secretion are controlled by hormones.

    Control of Gland Secretion

    • Nervous control:
      • Sebaceous and Apocrine glands are turned on/off by the Autonomic Nervous System.
      • Merocrine glands are selectively activated by the ANS for specific regions or for thermoregulation.

    Skin Color

    • Melanin: Produced by melanocytes, responsible for varying skin colors. Found in basale and spinosum layers. Complete absence of melanocyte activity results in albinism, while patchy absence results in vitiligo.
    • Carotene: Orange-yellow pigment accumulating in epidermal cells and fatty areas, contributing to a yellowish hue. Also found in vegetables, essential for maintaining epithelia and photoreceptor pigments in the eyes.
    • Capillaries: In Caucasian skin, redness is due to blood capillaries in the dermis.

    The Epidermis and Vitamin D3

    • Limited sunlight exposure is beneficial for Vitamin D3 production in the stratum spinosum and basale.
    • UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol (Vit D3) in the skin.
    • Calcitriol, the active form of Vitamin D3, is essential for calcium and phosphate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Vitamin D deficiency can lead to Rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults.

    Thermoregulation

    • Maintained by a balance of heat production and heat loss.
    • Sensory thermoreceptors in the skin, mucous membranes, and hypothalamus send information to the hypothalamus.
    • The hypothalamus, specifically the preoptic area, regulates body temperature through heat-gain and heat-loss centers.

    Heat Loss Center

    • Activated when temperature at the pre-optic area rises above the set point.
    • Mechanisms include: vasodilation, perspiration, decreased metabolic rate, increased respiration, and behavioral changes.

    Heat Gain Center

    • Activated when temperature at the pre-optic area drops below the set point.
    • Mechanisms include: vasoconstriction, shivering, sympathetic release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, thyroxine release, and behavioral responses.

    Thermogenesis

    • Shivering Thermogenesis: Increases muscle tone to consume more energy, producing heat.
    • Non-Shivering Thermogenesis: Increased metabolism in the liver and breakdown of brown adipose tissue.

    Abnormal Body Temperature - Pyrexia (Fever)

    • Usually caused by bacterial or viral infections, but also by other factors like heart attack, tumors, surgery, or trauma.
    • Phagocytes release interleukin-1, which triggers prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus, resetting the thermostat to a higher temperature.
    • Stages of fever: chill, crisis (body temperature falls).

    Dermal Circulation and Innervation

    • Blood in the skin serves two major functions: nutrition and heat loss.
    • Cutaneous plexus: Network of capillaries between the subcutaneous layer and dermis, supplying adipocytes, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
    • Papillary plexus: Branches off the cutaneous plexus, forming papillary loops.

    Skin Vascularity

    • Arteriovenous Shunts: Conserve heat by shunting blood between arteries and veins. Activated by the sympathetic division of the ANS.
    • Sensible heat loss: Evaporation of sweat.
    • Convection: Heat loss to cooler air that moves across the body surface.
    • Conduction: Direct heat transfer through physical contact, less effective than other methods.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the structure and layers of the skin, including the features of the epidermis and its various cell types. This quiz covers key concepts such as thick and thin skin, as well as the layers of the epidermis from the stratum corneum to the stratum lucidum.

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