Integument biology, epithelial tissue, cell surfaces

Integument Biology

• The integument, or body covering, of unicellular organisms consists of the pellicle, or cell membrane, made of cytoskeleton
• Functions of the integument include preventing water loss, exchanging substances and heat, maintaining shape, and sensing stimuli

Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelial tissue, consists of tightly connected cells arranged in one or more layers that facilitate heat and substance transfer and protection
• It contains minimal intercellular space and lacks its own blood supply
• It includes endothelium, lining tissues internally, and epithelium/mucosa, covering tissues externally
• Types of epithelial tissue comprise simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, ciliated, glandular, transitional, and pseudostratified

Cell Surfaces

• Cellular junction referred to as epidermis, these cells tightly adhere to each other, which prevents the entry of pathogens and retain water
• Melanins, pigment cells, protect against ultraviolet radiation, but excessive sun exposure can cause sunburn, acne, and allergic reactions
• UV radiation is essential for synthesizing vitamin D, vital for bone density
• Melanins are situated in/from epidermis to regulate water, camouflage or serve as warning coloration
• Certain animals lack pigment, exhibiting structural coloration due to light reflection, scattering, and interference on minute surface structures
• Melanocytes produce pigment in the lower layer of the epidermis, transferring it to other cells

Vertebrates and Invertebrates

• Invertebrates possess a single-layered epidermis that secretes a cuticle containing chitin (arthropods) or other types of collagen
• Vertebrates feature melanocytes producing melanin, safeguarding against UV and impeding substance passage
• Terrestrial organisms exhibit a keratinized epidermis with structures like hairs, bristles, and scales
• Keratinocytes primarily containing keratin exist in the deepest portions of it

Additional Tissue Layers

• Underlying the epidermis, the dermis nourishes the epidermis with keratin and elastin, it regulates temperature, excretes waste, and provides sensory feedback
• The hypodermis in humans, is rich in lipids, acting as a hyrdroinsulation barrier preventing water loss and shielding from harmful substances

Connective Tissue

• It binds and supports various tissues, has sparsely distributed cells contained within a matrix
• The matrix constitutes a significant portion of tissue volume
• Different varieties consist of lose connective tissue (hypodermis), dense connective tissue (tendons), blood (bloodstream), adipose tissue, and elastic tissue
• Cartilage is made of collagen and polysaccharides, collectively termed proteoglycans
• Bone tissue consists of bone cells called osteocytes

Two Types of Bone Marrow Function

• Red marrow produces erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
• Yellow marrow, primarily in the central part of the shaft as a soft/fatty yellowish tissue, replaces red marrow during adulthood

Muscle Tissue Types

• Muscle tissue facilitates movement through cell contraction, enabled by myosin and actin filaments
• Skeletal muscles, contain multinucleated fiber-like cells with strategically arranged actin and myosin fibers
• These are controlled via somatic nervous system which functions under voluntary control
• Smooth muscle, possess single-nucleus cells lacking structured myosin and actin
• Supplied by the autonomic nervous system, these have unstructured myosin and actin fibers
• Cardiatic muscles, characterized branched cells with a single nucleus, arranged striated due to regulatory autonomically controlled action

Additional Tissues/Cells

• Muscle are attached to bones via tendons
• Fast (white) and slow (red) fibers are categorized by oxidative and glycolytic abilities and the myoglobin concentration
• Nervous tissue, in the peripheral/central nervous system, formed by neuroglia and neurons that transit impulses

Definition of Ecology

• Ernst Haeckel (1866) defined ecology as the study of interrelationships between organisms and their non-living environment
• A primary task involves understanding various natural processes
• Ecology is linked with environmental issues, with "eco" meaning "environmental."
• Ecology does not directly encompass waste separation or conservation efforts
• Conservation divides into protections of environment and protects nature, the former benefits humans but could harm other species

Organizing Ecology

• The science consists of levels such as populations, where same-species organisms interact within their ecosystem
• Living communities are called biocoenoses + biotopes; these function together as ecosystems that include biotic and abiotic factors
• Biomes involve ecosystems in the same place
• All biomes organize the bioshphere with consideration of the nonliving natural elements

Ecology and Related Sciences

• Ecology is linked to fields such as organisms functioning physiology, genes heredity (genetics)
• This biological studies uses sciences like biotechnology, sociology, and science of surrounding environment

Defining Ecological Niches

• European niches denote the habitat occupied and how resources are utilized, encompassing all living and non-living factors relevant to the organism's existence
• Habitats are the living spaces which are vital for survival and production as a species
• Medium describes is a concept to describe the environment around an organism

Resources

• Key elements, are mineral compounds (nutrients) essential for growth
• The highest limit regarding any reproduction is known as environmental carrying capacity
• Surface locations are the substrate in which a creature is able to locomote

Species and Their Reproduction

• Species, are those organisms who are able to have descendants and interbreed
• Fitness indicates contribution towards the next creation with many offspring that are viable

Organizations

• Facilitate categorization to better categorize species
• The living have varying step towards environment to cope and survive which requires energy
• Survival consists in a series of stages in that regard that lead to different properties and conditions

Energy

• Organisms use energy to photosynthesize, in order to bind other molecules of ATP
• ATP energy is acquired through either fermentation (anaerobic cellular respiration) and photosynthesize the molecules

Essential Elements

• Essential macroelements, are important as organism elements for needs
• Essential microelements have smaller needs for elements
• Some organisms cannot synthesize molecules, and they rely on essential nutrition for protection

Environment

• Metabolism contains organic processes within organism that require cells, tissue and organs
• Organisms must ensure they maintain homeostasis

Additional

• Inner environment includes outside layer that encompasses outside components like skin and shells
• Thermoregulation is vital for maintenance and external is important for environmental change

Organisms in Abiotic Environments

• Shows scope of knowledge within environmental aspect, this is demonstrated as a tolerance curve the population can maintain
• Activity varies with conditions and environmental aspects to see

Factors

• Minimum is when the value of a component is near threshold causing harm
• Minimum is when the value of a component is near threshold can damage organism when there are deficient compounds
• Generalists refer to organisms that can wide scope for enviornment and tolerance with general effects for change
• Specialists can be sensitive and thrive with narrow pagenantry

Adaptations

• These may affect genetics directly and will be important in dry conditions
• Acclimatization is for homeostasis

Climate Rules

• Allen suggested organisms in warmer weather will have thinner frame and those in cold weather will have shorter
• Bergman showed in cold that the frame is shorter

Temperature Range

• Extremophiles adapt and tolerate conditions for living organisms and species
• Population is vital as the basis of gathering and helps environment
• Populations consist of similar components

Population Structure

• Populations vary based on abundance, for a joint population is a species
• Division can occur during mating periods in relation to pyramid structure whether it's stable or unstable
• Gender ratio involves dimorphinsm for dominant gender population

Population Processes

• Natality stands for birth and mortality is death of a species to which factors like immagration and emigration play roles
• Constant shifting parameters occur due to different processes and ability to affect survival

Strategies for Maintenance

• In unfavorable climates, the population may increase to increase survivorship
• Strategy is present given different environments with competition for resources

Survival Curves

• Type 1 species, those that invest energy survival for their offspring
• Type 2 shows a steadiness for age-grouped survival and 3 shows major mortality

Population Size

• Population is reduced due to lack of resources and competition along with certain relations and species mutations
• Grouping and assembling can change due to a lack of elements and those needed for it

Reproduction

• Reproduction is improved by better mates and the selection process is varied with resource availability that encourage multiple partners

Competition

• A reduction of fitness levels, whether through physical altercations that affect the resources directly or indirectly
• This can manifest in internal arrangements
• Territorial disputes arise

Interspecies Relations

• Negative interaction involves species detriment over resources when battling for ecological niches
• Predators prey on organisms and have coevolution
• Herbivores divide with specialized plants, animals and omnivares

Symbiotic Relations

• Commensalism has a neutral effect
• Mutualism has a bilateral effect
• Parasitism, occurs whether parasitic or not based on available hosts and resources
• Complex environments require a minimum interaction between species

Ecosystem Organizations

• Groups are species in ecosystems where they're linked with interactions
• There are groupings that follow local population
• Ecosystems are a variety of components that change
• Dominant species are the most significant component and the main source of the habitat

Succession in Ecology

• Shifts physically and relates to biological aspects
• Competition is present to affect it
• Climax is when the balance is in order

Natural Progression

• Primaries are organisms and their output in regards to energy production without source consumption
• Secondaries consume energy from sources
  • These vary when consumption occurs

Unicellular organism's integument consists of the cell membrane. Epithelial tissue consists of tightly connected cells arranged in layers. Cellular junctions that adhere to each other prevent the entry of pathogens and retain water.