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Questions and Answers
Where is insulin synthesized within the cell?
Where is insulin synthesized within the cell?
- Golgi apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (correct)
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in insulin processing?
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in insulin processing?
- Packages insulin into membrane-bound granules (correct)
- Synthesizes insulin from glucose
- Transports insulin across the cell membrane
- Degrades insulin molecules
Which cell type is primarily responsible for insulin synthesis?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for insulin synthesis?
- A cells
- D cells
- C cells
- B cells (correct)
After synthesis, where does insulin go before being stored in granules?
After synthesis, where does insulin go before being stored in granules?
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What form does insulin take when it is ready for secretion?
What form does insulin take when it is ready for secretion?
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Study Notes
Insulin Synthesis and Transport
- Synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of pancreatic B cells.
- Transported to the Golgi apparatus for packaging into membrane-bound granules.
Insulin Function
- Inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue, which helps regulate fat breakdown.
- In the absence of insulin, plasma levels of free fatty acids more than double.
Regulation of Insulin Secretion
- Glucose directly stimulates pancreatic B cells, enhancing insulin secretion.
- Promotes gluconeogenesis from amino acids in the liver, contributing to blood glucose levels.
- Elevates metabolic rate and increases ketone body formation by reducing malonyl-CoA levels in the liver.
Additional Factors Influencing Secretion
- Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the pancreas, mediated through β-adrenergic receptors and cAMP, boosts insulin secretion.
- Protein meals and amino acid infusions can increase glucagon secretion, balancing insulin levels.
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