Insulin and Diabetes Review
36 Questions
0 Views

Insulin and Diabetes Review

Created by
@PatientViolet9544

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary trigger for the release of insulin from the pancreas?

  • Decreased carbohydrate intake
  • Increased levels of glucagon
  • Increased blood glucose levels (correct)
  • Low blood glucose levels

    • Which of the following is NOT a consequence of insulin deficiency?

  • Increased gluconeogenesis
  • Decreased cellular glucose uptake
  • Decreased glycogen breakdown (correct)
  • Increased serum blood glucose

    • In which situation does the body require more insulin?

  • While sleeping
  • When fasting
  • During physical rest
  • During an infection (correct)

    • What role do beta cells in the pancreas play in managing diabetes?

    <p>They release insulin in response to blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action (MOA) for DPP 4 inhibitors?

    <p>Blocking the breakdown of GLP-1 incretins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medication classes is NOT an insulin type used for diabetes management?

    <p>Insulin sensitizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with GLP 1 receptor agonists?

    <p>GI upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant risk associated with incretin agents?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a side effect of DPP 4 inhibitors?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as a GLP 1 receptor agonist?

    <p>Liraglutide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of insulin is typically prescribed for basal insulin therapy?

    <p>NPH insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin should be added before meals to control postprandial glucose spikes?

    <p>Insulin aspart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For optimal effect, when should Insulin aspart be administered in relation to mealtimes?

    <p>30 minutes before meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing consideration is essential to teach Mrs. Johnson about her insulin therapy?

    <p>Monitor blood glucose regularly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following insulins is classified as long-acting?

    <p>Insulin glargine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of NPH insulin?

    <p>It can be mixed with short-acting insulins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin type is primarily used for IV insulin infusions?

    <p>Insulin regular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of rapid-acting insulin?

    <p>Starts working within minutes of administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action for Insulin lispro?

    <p>3-6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin type is commonly used as an IV route in acute care settings?

    <p>Regular insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should NPH insulin be administered?

    <p>Twice daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the onset time for Insulin degludec?

    <p>30-90 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following insulin types is described as 'cloudy insulin'?

    <p>NPH insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin aspart should be injected how many minutes before meals?

    <p>5-10 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peak action time for 70% NPH insulin/30% regular insulin?

    <p>2-12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin type provides continuous glucose control primarily through a pump?

    <p>Insulin lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can Insulin glargine effectively control blood sugar levels?

    <p>18-24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Insulin detemir is correct?

    <p>It should be injected once daily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Biguanides like Metformin?

    <p>Decreases glucose production in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as a Thiazolidinedione (TZD)?

    <p>Rosiglitazone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is commonly associated with Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?

    <p>Respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications includes agents that stimulate insulin secretion?

    <p>Secretagogues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of SGLT 2 inhibitors?

    <p>They promote glucose excretion in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of action is NOT associated with Metformin?

    <p>Increasing insulin release from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly matches a medication to its primary mechanism of action?

    <p>Acarbose - Inhibits glucose absorption in the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action do DPP-4 inhibitors like Sitagliptin share?

    <p>Increase incretin hormone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Insulin and Diabetes: Review

    • Insulin is synthesized by the pancreas' beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans.
    • Insulin is released primarily when blood sugar levels increase, typically after meals rich in carbohydrates.
    • Insulin deficiency is a common consequence of diabetes.
    • Consequences of insulin deficiency include:
      • Increased serum blood glucose levels.
      • Decreased cellular glucose uptake.
      • Increased glycogen breakdown.
    • The body requires more insulin in situations such as:
      • Infection.
      • During periods of stress.

    Insulin Types

    • Rapid acting insulin:
      • Insulin lispro (Humalog) & Insulin aspart (Novolog) are examples.
      • Onset: 15-30 minutes.
      • Peak: 0.5-2.5 hours.
      • Duration: 3-6 hours.
      • Subcutaneous injections: 15 minutes before or immediately after meals.
      • Suitable for subcutaneous pump therapy for continuous glucose control.
      • Commonly used in sliding scale insulin therapy.
    • Short acting insulin:
      • Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R) is an example.
      • Onset: 30-60 minutes.
      • Peak: 1-5 hours.
      • Duration: 6-10 hours.
      • Subcutaneous injection: 30 minutes pre-meal for postprandial control.
      • Subcutaneous pumps can be used for continuous glucose control.
      • May be used in sliding scale insulin therapy.
      • Can be given intravenously in acute care settings.
    • Intermediate acting insulin:
      • NPH insulin (Humulin N, Novolin N) is an example.
      • Onset: 1-2 hours.
      • Peak: 6-14 hours.
      • Duration: 16-24 hours.
      • Usually administered subcutaneously twice daily at the same times each day.
      • Requires agitation before use due to its cloudy appearance.
      • Can be mixed with rapid or short-acting insulins.
    • Long acting insulin:
      • Insulin glargine (Lantus) and Insulin detemir (Levemir) are common examples.
      • Onset: ~ 1 hour for Lantus, 1-2 hours for Levemir.
      • Peak: None.
      • Duration: 18-24 hours.
      • Typically administered subcutaneously once daily at the same time.
      • Both are clear insulins.
    • Ultra long acting insulin:
      • Insulin degludec (Tresiba) is an example.
      • Onset: 30-90 minutes.
      • Peak: None.
      • Duration: >24 hours.
      • Administered once daily at the same time.
    • Combination insulins:
      • 70% NPH insulin/30% regular insulin (Humulin 70/30, Novolin 70/30) is an example.
      • Onset: 30-60 minutes for the regular component.
      • Peak: 2-12 hours for the NPH component.
      • Duration: 10-16 hours.
    • Nursing implications for insulin therapy:
      • Patient education about the different types of insulin and appropriate administration is crucial.
      • Close monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential.
      • Importance of consistent meal planning and regular exercise.
      • Hypoglycemia awareness and management are important.
      • Understanding of potential side effects, including hypoglycemia.

    Non-insulin Diabetic Medications:

    • Insulin sensitizers:
      • Biguanides:
        • Metformin (Glucophage) is the most commonly used.
        • Mechanism of Action (MOA):
          • Reduces hepatic glucose production.
          • Decreases insulin resistance in muscle and fat cells.
          • Slightly reduces glucose absorption in the gut.
        • Side Effects:
          • Gastrointestinal upset.
          • Lactic acidosis (rare but serious).
      • Thiazolidinediones (TZDs):
        • Rosiglitazone (Avandia) is an example.
        • MOA:
          • Improves insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat cells.
          • Reduces hepatic glucose production.
        • Side Effects:
          • Most commonly: Upper respiratory tract infections, headache, sinusitis, myalgia.
          • Increased risk of heart failure, especially in patients with pre-existing heart conditions.
    • Incretin Agents:
      • GLP 1 Receptor Agonists:
        • Liraglutide (Victoza) is an example.
        • MOA:
          • Activates receptors for GLP-1, promoting insulin secretion and reducing glucagon secretion.
          • Slows gastric emptying, reducing postprandial glucose spikes.
        • Side Effects:
          • Gastrointestinal upset.
          • Allergic reactions.
          • Pancreatitis.
          • Thyroid cancer (although rare).
      • DPP 4 Inhibitors:
        • Sitagliptin (Januvia) is an example.
        • MOA:
          • Inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which breaks down incretin hormones like GLP-1.
          • Increases GLP-1 levels, leading to improved insulin secretion and reduced glucagon secretion.
        • Side Effects:
          • Pancreatitis.
          • Allergic reactions.
    • Insulin Secretagogues:
      • Sulfonylureas:
        • Glyclazide is an example.
        • MOA:
          • Stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
        • Side Effects:
          • Hypoglycemia.
          • Weight gain.
          • Allergic reactions.
      • Meglitinides:
        • Repaglinide is an example.
        • MOA:
          • Similar to sulfonylureas, stimulate insulin release from beta cells.
        • Side Effects:
          • Hypoglycemia.
          • Weight gain.
    • Miscellaneous:
      • SGLT 2 Inhibitors:
        • Canagliflozin is an example.
        • MOA:
          • Block the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys, promoting its excretion in urine.
        • Side Effects:
          • Urinary tract infections.
          • Genital yeast infections.
          • Dehydration.
      • Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors:
        • Acarbose is an example.
        • MOA:
          • Slow the breakdown of complex carbohydrates in the small intestine, reducing postprandial glucose absorption.
        • Side Effects:
          • Gastrointestinal upset.
          • Flatulence.
          • Diarrhea.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Diabetes Pharmacology Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the synthesis, function, and types of insulin, emphasizing its role in diabetes management. Key concepts include insulin secretion, deficiencies, and the different types of insulin used in treatment. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence blood sugar levels and overall health.

    More Like This

    Insulin Synthesis and Secretion Quiz
    60 questions

    Insulin Synthesis and Secretion Quiz

    WellPinkTourmaline avatar
    WellPinkTourmaline
    Endomembrane System and Insulin Synthesis
    12 questions

    Endomembrane System and Insulin Synthesis

    FelicitousTrombone avatar
    FelicitousTrombone
    Diabetes Pathophysiology Lecture Objectives
    105 questions

    Diabetes Pathophysiology Lecture Objectives

    AttractiveField avatar
    AttractiveField
    Diabetes Mellitus Overview
    5 questions

    Diabetes Mellitus Overview

    PolishedMothman avatar
    PolishedMothman
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser