Insulin Secretion Stimulants Overview

Insulin Secretion Stimulants

• Sulfonylureas: Medications that promote insulin release from the pancreas.

  • 1st Generation:
    • Chlorpropamide: Long-acting sulfonylurea; risk of hypoglycemia.
    • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, lower risk of hypoglycemia than chlorpropamide.
  • 2nd Generation:
    • Glipizide: More potent than 1st generation; minimal side effects.
    • Glyburide: More effective for long-term use; associated with weight gain.

• Meglitinides: Fast-acting insulin secretagogues.

  • Nateglinide: Short duration; effective post meal.
  • Repaglinide: Similar mechanism; crucial for managing blood glucose spikes after meals.

GLP-1 Analogues

• Exenatide: Mimics incretin hormones; enhances insulin secretion in response to meals.
• Liraglutide: Long-acting; supports weight loss and improves glycemic control.
• Semaglutide: Reduces appetite; found effective for type 2 diabetes management.

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

• Linagliptin: No dose adjustment needed for renal impairment; generally well-tolerated.
• Saxagliptin: Effective; risk of heart failure in certain patients.
• Sitagliptin: Widely used; often prescribed in combination therapies.

Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

• Canagliflozin: Decreases renal glucose reabsorption; potential cardiovascular benefits.
• Dapagliflozin: Renal protective; associated with weight loss.
• Empagliflozin: Has cardiovascular and renal protection properties; aids in weight reduction.

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

• Acarbose: Slows carbohydrate absorption in the intestine; may cause gastrointestinal side effects.
• Miglitol: Similar action to acarbose; helps lower postprandial blood glucose levels.

Amylin Analogues

• Pramlintide: Complement to insulin therapy; helps control post-meal blood sugar levels and promotes satiety.

Insulin Secretion Stimulants

• Sulfonylureas: Medications that promote insulin release from the pancreas.

  • 1st Generation:
    • Chlorpropamide: Long-acting sulfonylurea; risk of hypoglycemia.
    • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, lower risk of hypoglycemia than chlorpropamide.
  • 2nd Generation:
    • Glipizide: More potent than 1st generation; minimal side effects.
    • Glyburide: More effective for long-term use; associated with weight gain.

• Meglitinides: Fast-acting insulin secretagogues.

  • Nateglinide: Short duration; effective post meal.
  • Repaglinide: Similar mechanism; crucial for managing blood glucose spikes after meals.

GLP-1 Analogues

• Exenatide: Mimics incretin hormones; enhances insulin secretion in response to meals.
• Liraglutide: Long-acting; supports weight loss and improves glycemic control.
• Semaglutide: Reduces appetite; found effective for type 2 diabetes management.

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

• Linagliptin: No dose adjustment needed for renal impairment; generally well-tolerated.
• Saxagliptin: Effective; risk of heart failure in certain patients.
• Sitagliptin: Widely used; often prescribed in combination therapies.

Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

• Canagliflozin: Decreases renal glucose reabsorption; potential cardiovascular benefits.
• Dapagliflozin: Renal protective; associated with weight loss.
• Empagliflozin: Has cardiovascular and renal protection properties; aids in weight reduction.

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

• Acarbose: Slows carbohydrate absorption in the intestine; may cause gastrointestinal side effects.
• Miglitol: Similar action to acarbose; helps lower postprandial blood glucose levels.

Amylin Analogues

• Pramlintide: Complement to insulin therapy; helps control post-meal blood sugar levels and promotes satiety.