Questions and Answers
Which drug class includes agents that stimulate insulin secretion?
Which of the following is NOT a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor?
Which insulin sensitivity-increasing drug is derived from the biguanide class?
Which of the following is an Amylin analogue?
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Which drugs are classified as Thionamides?
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Which of the following are classified as GLP-1 Analogues?
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Which choice includes only Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors?
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Which of the following drugs is a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor?
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Which of the following pairs correctly matches a class of drugs with its specific agent?
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Which drugs serve as Amylin Analogues?
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Which of the following agents is a Thionamide used for medical management?
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Identify the agent that falls under the category of Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors.
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Which of the following drugs is NOT a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor?
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Which drug is classified as a GLP-1 analogue?
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Which of the following medications is a drug that increases insulin sensitivity?
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Which medication is a member of the 2nd generation Sulfonylureas?
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What is the primary action of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor?
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Which of the following medications acts as a dopamine agonist?
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Which of these options contains only Amylin Analogues?
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Which of the following drugs is a 1st generation Sulfonylurea?
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Which of the following drug classes includes agents that improve insulin sensitivity?
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Which medication is classified under Dopamine Agonists?
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Which two medications are examples of SGLT2 Inhibitors?
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What class of drugs does Fludrocortisone belong to?
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Which of the following drugs is an example of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor?
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Which class of drugs does Bromocriptine belong to?
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What is the primary therapeutic target of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?
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Which of the following medications increases insulin sensitivity?
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Which medication is classified as a Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor?
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Which of the following medications is also known as a GLP-1 analogue?
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Which agent is classified as a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor?
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Which of the following is primarily used to increase insulin sensitivity?
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Which of the following agents is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor?
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Which of the following is an example of a Thionamide?
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What is a noted characteristic of Sulfonylureas in relation to insulin secretion?
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Which of the following classes of drugs primarily increase insulin sensitivity?
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Which agent is included in the class of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors?
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What type of medication is Pramlintide classified as?
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Which medication from the provided list is a member of the class of Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors?
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Which drug class is primarily associated with the medications Nateglinide and Repaglinide?
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What is the mechanism of action for Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors?
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Which of the following medications is an example of an Aldosterone analogue?
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Which medication listed is associated with increasing insulin sensitivity?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor?
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Which medication is specifically recognized as a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor?
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Which drug class includes Glipizide as a member?
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What is the primary therapeutic action of Metformin?
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Which medication serves as an Amylin analogue?
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Which of the following agents is NOT classified under the category of Sulfonylureas?
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Study Notes
Insulin Secretion Stimulants
-
Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
-
1st Generation:
- Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
- Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
-
2nd Generation:
- Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
- Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
- Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
-
3rd Generation:
- Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
- Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.
-
1st Generation:
GLP-1 Analogues
- Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
- Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
- Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
- Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
- Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
- Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
- Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.
Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
- Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
- Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
- Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Analogues
- Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.
Thionamides
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
- Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
- Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.
Aldosterone Analogue
- Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.
Cation Exchange Resins
- Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
- Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.
Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
- Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.
Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists
- Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
- Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
- Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
- Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.
Dopamine Agonists
- Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
- Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.
Insulin Secretion Stimulants
-
Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
-
1st Generation:
- Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
- Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
-
2nd Generation:
- Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
- Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
- Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
-
3rd Generation:
- Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
- Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.
-
1st Generation:
GLP-1 Analogues
- Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
- Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
- Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
- Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
- Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
- Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
- Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.
Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
- Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
- Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
- Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Analogues
- Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.
Thionamides
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
- Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
- Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.
Aldosterone Analogue
- Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.
Cation Exchange Resins
- Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
- Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.
Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
- Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.
Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists
- Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
- Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
- Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
- Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.
Dopamine Agonists
- Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
- Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.
Insulin Secretion Stimulants
-
Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
-
1st Generation:
- Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
- Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
-
2nd Generation:
- Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
- Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
- Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
-
3rd Generation:
- Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
- Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.
-
1st Generation:
GLP-1 Analogues
- Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
- Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
- Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
- Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
- Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
- Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
- Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.
Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
- Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
- Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
- Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Analogues
- Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.
Thionamides
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
- Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
- Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.
Aldosterone Analogue
- Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.
Cation Exchange Resins
- Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
- Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.
Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
- Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.
Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists
- Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
- Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
- Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
- Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.
Dopamine Agonists
- Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
- Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.
Insulin Secretion Stimulants
-
Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
-
1st Generation:
- Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
- Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
-
2nd Generation:
- Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
- Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
- Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
-
3rd Generation:
- Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
- Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.
-
1st Generation:
GLP-1 Analogues
- Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
- Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
- Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
- Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
- Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
- Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
- Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.
Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
- Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
- Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
- Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Analogues
- Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.
Thionamides
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
- Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
- Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.
Aldosterone Analogue
- Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.
Cation Exchange Resins
- Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
- Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.
Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
- Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.
Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists
- Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
- Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
- Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
- Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.
Dopamine Agonists
- Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
- Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.
Insulin Secretion Stimulants
-
Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
-
1st Generation:
- Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
- Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
-
2nd Generation:
- Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
- Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
- Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
-
3rd Generation:
- Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
- Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.
-
1st Generation:
GLP-1 Analogues
- Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
- Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
- Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
- Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
- Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
- Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
- Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.
Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
- Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
- Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
- Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Analogues
- Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.
Thionamides
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
- Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
- Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.
Aldosterone Analogue
- Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.
Cation Exchange Resins
- Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
- Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.
Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
- Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.
Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists
- Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
- Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
- Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
- Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.
Dopamine Agonists
- Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
- Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.
Insulin Secretion Stimulants
-
Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
-
1st Generation:
- Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
- Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
-
2nd Generation:
- Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
- Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
- Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
-
3rd Generation:
- Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
- Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.
-
1st Generation:
GLP-1 Analogues
- Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
- Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
- Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
- Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
- Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
- Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
- Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.
Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
- Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
- Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
- Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Analogues
- Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.
Thionamides
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
- Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
- Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.
Aldosterone Analogue
- Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.
Cation Exchange Resins
- Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
- Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.
Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
- Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.
Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists
- Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
- Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
- Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
- Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.
Dopamine Agonists
- Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
- Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.
Insulin Secretion Stimulants
-
Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
-
1st Generation:
- Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
- Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
-
2nd Generation:
- Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
- Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
- Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
-
3rd Generation:
- Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
- Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.
-
1st Generation:
GLP-1 Analogues
- Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
- Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
- Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
- Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
- Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
- Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
- Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.
Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
- Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
- Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
- Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Analogues
- Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.
Thionamides
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
- Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
- Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.
Aldosterone Analogue
- Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.
Cation Exchange Resins
- Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
- Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.
Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
- Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.
Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists
- Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
- Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
- Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
- Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.
Dopamine Agonists
- Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
- Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.
Insulin Secretion Stimulants
-
Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
-
1st Generation:
- Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
- Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
-
2nd Generation:
- Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
- Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
- Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
-
3rd Generation:
- Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
- Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.
-
1st Generation:
GLP-1 Analogues
- Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
- Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
- Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
- Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
- Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
- Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
- Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.
Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
- Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
- Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
- Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Analogues
- Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.
Thionamides
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
- Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
- Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.
Aldosterone Analogue
- Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.
Cation Exchange Resins
- Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
- Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.
Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
- Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.
Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists
- Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
- Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
- Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
- Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.
Dopamine Agonists
- Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
- Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.
Insulin Secretion Stimulants
-
Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
-
1st Generation:
- Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
- Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
-
2nd Generation:
- Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
- Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
- Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
-
3rd Generation:
- Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
- Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.
-
1st Generation:
GLP-1 Analogues
- Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
- Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
- Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
- Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
- Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
- Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
- Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.
Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
- Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
- Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
- Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Analogues
- Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.
Thionamides
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
- Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
- Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.
Aldosterone Analogue
- Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.
Cation Exchange Resins
- Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
- Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.
Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
- Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.
Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists
- Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
- Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
- Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
- Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.
Dopamine Agonists
- Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
- Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.
Insulin Secretion Stimulants
-
Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
-
1st Generation:
- Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
- Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
-
2nd Generation:
- Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
- Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
- Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
-
3rd Generation:
- Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
- Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.
-
1st Generation:
GLP-1 Analogues
- Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
- Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
- Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
- Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
- Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
- Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
- Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.
Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
- Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
- Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
- Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
- Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
- Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Analogues
- Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.
Thionamides
- Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
- Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
- Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.
Aldosterone Analogue
- Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.
Cation Exchange Resins
- Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
- Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
- Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
- Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.
Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity
- Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
- Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
- Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.
Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists
- Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
- Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
- Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
- Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.
Dopamine Agonists
- Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
- Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
- Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.
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Description
This quiz covers various classes of insulin secretion stimulants, including Sulfonylureas, GLP-1 Analogues, DPP-4 Inhibitors, and SGLT2 Inhibitors. Test your knowledge on the specific drugs within each category and their mechanisms of action. Ideal for students and professionals in the field of pharmacology or endocrinology.
