Insulin Secretion Stimulants Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which drug class includes agents that stimulate insulin secretion?

  • GLP-1 Analogues
  • Sulfonylureas (correct)
  • Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
  • Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Which of the following is NOT a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor?

  • Saxagliptin
  • Sitagliptin
  • Repaglutide (correct)
  • Linagliptin

    • Which insulin sensitivity-increasing drug is derived from the biguanide class?

  • Dapagliflozin
  • Metformin (correct)
  • Pioglitazone
  • Glyburide

    • Which of the following is an Amylin analogue?

    <p>Pramlintide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are classified as Thionamides?

    <p>Methimazole and Propylthiouracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are classified as GLP-1 Analogues?

    <p>Liraglutide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which choice includes only Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors?

    <p>Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor?

    <p>Sitagliptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs correctly matches a class of drugs with its specific agent?

    <p>Thionamides - Methimazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs serve as Amylin Analogues?

    <p>Pramlintide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents is a Thionamide used for medical management?

    <p>Methimazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the agent that falls under the category of Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors.

    <p>Empagliflozin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor?

    <p>Repaglinide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is classified as a GLP-1 analogue?

    <p>Liraglutide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is a drug that increases insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is a member of the 2nd generation Sulfonylureas?

    <p>Glipizide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibit incretin degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications acts as a dopamine agonist?

    <p>Bromocriptine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options contains only Amylin Analogues?

    <p>Pramlintide, Exenatide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a 1st generation Sulfonylurea?

    <p>Chlorpropamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug classes includes agents that improve insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is classified under Dopamine Agonists?

    <p>Cabergoline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two medications are examples of SGLT2 Inhibitors?

    <p>Canagliflozin, Empagliflozin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of drugs does Fludrocortisone belong to?

    <p>Aldosterone Analogues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an example of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor?

    <p>Saxagliptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs does Bromocriptine belong to?

    <p>Dopamine Agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic target of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibit glucose absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications increases insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is classified as a Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor?

    <p>Dapagliflozin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is also known as a GLP-1 analogue?

    <p>Liraglutide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is classified as a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor?

    <p>Saxagliptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily used to increase insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Pioglitazone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor?

    <p>Dapagliflozin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a Thionamide?

    <p>Propylthiouracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted characteristic of Sulfonylureas in relation to insulin secretion?

    <p>They stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes of drugs primarily increase insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is included in the class of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors?

    <p>Linagliptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication is Pramlintide classified as?

    <p>Amylin Analogue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication from the provided list is a member of the class of Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors?

    <p>Empagliflozin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is primarily associated with the medications Nateglinide and Repaglinide?

    <p>Meglitinides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors?

    <p>Enhance incretin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is an example of an Aldosterone analogue?

    <p>Fludrocortisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication listed is associated with increasing insulin sensitivity?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor?

    <p>Sitagliptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is specifically recognized as a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitor?

    <p>Saxagliptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class includes Glipizide as a member?

    <p>Sulfonylureas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic action of Metformin?

    <p>Enhance insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication serves as an Amylin analogue?

    <p>Pramlintide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents is NOT classified under the category of Sulfonylureas?

    <p>Repaglinide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Insulin Secretion Stimulants

    • Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
      • 1st Generation:
        • Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
        • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
      • 2nd Generation:
        • Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
        • Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
      • Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
      • 3rd Generation:
        • Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
        • Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.

    GLP-1 Analogues

    • Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
      • Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
      • Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
      • Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.

    Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

    • Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
      • Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
      • Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
      • Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.

    Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
      • Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
      • Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
      • Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
      • Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
      • Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.

    Amylin Analogues

    • Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.

    Thionamides

    • Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
      • Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
      • Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.

    Aldosterone Analogue

    • Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.

    Cation Exchange Resins

    • Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
      • Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
      • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
      • Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.

    Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity

    • Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
      • Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
      • Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.

    Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists

    • Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
      • Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
      • Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
      • Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
      • Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
      • Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.

    Insulin Secretion Stimulants

    • Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
      • 1st Generation:
        • Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
        • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
      • 2nd Generation:
        • Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
        • Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
      • Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
      • 3rd Generation:
        • Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
        • Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.

    GLP-1 Analogues

    • Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
      • Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
      • Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
      • Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.

    Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

    • Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
      • Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
      • Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
      • Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.

    Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
      • Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
      • Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
      • Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
      • Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
      • Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.

    Amylin Analogues

    • Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.

    Thionamides

    • Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
      • Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
      • Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.

    Aldosterone Analogue

    • Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.

    Cation Exchange Resins

    • Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
      • Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
      • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
      • Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.

    Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity

    • Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
      • Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
      • Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.

    Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists

    • Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
      • Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
      • Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
      • Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
      • Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
      • Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.

    Insulin Secretion Stimulants

    • Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
      • 1st Generation:
        • Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
        • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
      • 2nd Generation:
        • Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
        • Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
      • Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
      • 3rd Generation:
        • Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
        • Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.

    GLP-1 Analogues

    • Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
      • Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
      • Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
      • Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.

    Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

    • Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
      • Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
      • Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
      • Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.

    Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
      • Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
      • Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
      • Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
      • Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
      • Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.

    Amylin Analogues

    • Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.

    Thionamides

    • Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
      • Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
      • Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.

    Aldosterone Analogue

    • Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.

    Cation Exchange Resins

    • Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
      • Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
      • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
      • Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.

    Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity

    • Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
      • Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
      • Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.

    Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists

    • Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
      • Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
      • Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
      • Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
      • Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
      • Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.

    Insulin Secretion Stimulants

    • Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
      • 1st Generation:
        • Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
        • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
      • 2nd Generation:
        • Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
        • Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
      • Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
      • 3rd Generation:
        • Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
        • Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.

    GLP-1 Analogues

    • Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
      • Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
      • Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
      • Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.

    Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

    • Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
      • Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
      • Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
      • Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.

    Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
      • Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
      • Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
      • Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
      • Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
      • Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.

    Amylin Analogues

    • Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.

    Thionamides

    • Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
      • Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
      • Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.

    Aldosterone Analogue

    • Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.

    Cation Exchange Resins

    • Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
      • Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
      • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
      • Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.

    Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity

    • Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
      • Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
      • Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.

    Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists

    • Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
      • Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
      • Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
      • Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
      • Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
      • Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.

    Insulin Secretion Stimulants

    • Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
      • 1st Generation:
        • Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
        • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
      • 2nd Generation:
        • Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
        • Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
      • Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
      • 3rd Generation:
        • Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
        • Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.

    GLP-1 Analogues

    • Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
      • Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
      • Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
      • Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.

    Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

    • Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
      • Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
      • Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
      • Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.

    Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
      • Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
      • Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
      • Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
      • Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
      • Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.

    Amylin Analogues

    • Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.

    Thionamides

    • Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
      • Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
      • Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.

    Aldosterone Analogue

    • Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.

    Cation Exchange Resins

    • Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
      • Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
      • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
      • Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.

    Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity

    • Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
      • Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
      • Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.

    Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists

    • Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
      • Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
      • Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
      • Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
      • Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
      • Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.

    Insulin Secretion Stimulants

    • Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
      • 1st Generation:
        • Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
        • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
      • 2nd Generation:
        • Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
        • Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
      • Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
      • 3rd Generation:
        • Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
        • Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.

    GLP-1 Analogues

    • Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
      • Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
      • Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
      • Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.

    Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

    • Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
      • Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
      • Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
      • Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.

    Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
      • Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
      • Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
      • Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
      • Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
      • Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.

    Amylin Analogues

    • Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.

    Thionamides

    • Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
      • Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
      • Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.

    Aldosterone Analogue

    • Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.

    Cation Exchange Resins

    • Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
      • Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
      • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
      • Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.

    Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity

    • Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
      • Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
      • Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.

    Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists

    • Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
      • Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
      • Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
      • Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
      • Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
      • Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.

    Insulin Secretion Stimulants

    • Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
      • 1st Generation:
        • Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
        • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
      • 2nd Generation:
        • Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
        • Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
      • Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
      • 3rd Generation:
        • Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
        • Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.

    GLP-1 Analogues

    • Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
      • Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
      • Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
      • Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.

    Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

    • Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
      • Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
      • Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
      • Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.

    Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
      • Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
      • Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
      • Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
      • Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
      • Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.

    Amylin Analogues

    • Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.

    Thionamides

    • Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
      • Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
      • Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.

    Aldosterone Analogue

    • Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.

    Cation Exchange Resins

    • Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
      • Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
      • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
      • Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.

    Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity

    • Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
      • Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
      • Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.

    Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists

    • Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
      • Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
      • Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
      • Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
      • Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
      • Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.

    Insulin Secretion Stimulants

    • Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
      • 1st Generation:
        • Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
        • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
      • 2nd Generation:
        • Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
        • Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
      • Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
      • 3rd Generation:
        • Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
        • Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.

    GLP-1 Analogues

    • Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
      • Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
      • Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
      • Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.

    Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

    • Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
      • Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
      • Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
      • Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.

    Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
      • Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
      • Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
      • Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
      • Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
      • Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.

    Amylin Analogues

    • Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.

    Thionamides

    • Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
      • Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
      • Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.

    Aldosterone Analogue

    • Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.

    Cation Exchange Resins

    • Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
      • Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
      • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
      • Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.

    Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity

    • Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
      • Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
      • Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.

    Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists

    • Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
      • Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
      • Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
      • Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
      • Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
      • Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.

    Insulin Secretion Stimulants

    • Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
      • 1st Generation:
        • Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
        • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
      • 2nd Generation:
        • Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
        • Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
      • Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
      • 3rd Generation:
        • Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
        • Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.

    GLP-1 Analogues

    • Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
      • Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
      • Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
      • Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.

    Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

    • Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
      • Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
      • Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
      • Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.

    Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
      • Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
      • Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
      • Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
      • Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
      • Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.

    Amylin Analogues

    • Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.

    Thionamides

    • Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
      • Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
      • Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.

    Aldosterone Analogue

    • Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.

    Cation Exchange Resins

    • Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
      • Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
      • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
      • Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.

    Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity

    • Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
      • Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
      • Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.

    Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists

    • Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
      • Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
      • Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
      • Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
      • Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
      • Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.

    Insulin Secretion Stimulants

    • Sulfonylureas: Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
      • 1st Generation:
        • Chlorpropamide: First sulfonylurea, longer-acting, risk of hypoglycemia.
        • Tolbutamide: Shorter duration, less effective in long-term use.
      • 2nd Generation:
        • Glipizide: Rapid action, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
        • Glyburide: Potent in insulin secretion stimulation, moderate hypoglycemia risk.
      • Meglitinides: Promote insulin release, more targeted and shorter effects.
      • 3rd Generation:
        • Nateglinide: Quick onset, taken before meals to manage blood sugar spikes.
        • Repaglinide: Similar to nateglinide, effective in postprandial glucose control.

    GLP-1 Analogues

    • Mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1, enhance insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying.
      • Exenatide: First GLP-1 analogue, improves glycemic control.
      • Liraglutide: Once daily injection, weight loss benefits.
      • Semaglutide: Weekly injection, significant weight loss and glycemic improvements.

    Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors

    • Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme, prolonging incretin levels and enhancing insulin secretion.
      • Linagliptin: No renal adjustment, well-tolerated.
      • Saxagliptin: Moderate renal function adjustments required.
      • Sitagliptin: Commonly used, effective in lowering blood sugar levels.

    Sodium - Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

    • Block reabsorption of glucose in kidneys, promoting its excretion.
      • Canagliflozin: Associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes.
      • Dapagliflozin: Reduces risk of heart failure hospitalization.
      • Empagliflozin: Helps prevent cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.

    Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors

    • Delay carbohydrate absorption from the intestines.
      • Acarbose: Works in the intestine, minimizing postprandial glucose spikes.
      • Miglitol: Similar mechanism, effective in managing type 2 diabetes.

    Amylin Analogues

    • Pramlintide: Synthetic analogue of amylin, regulates postprandial blood sugar levels.

    Thionamides

    • Inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis, used in hyperthyroidism management.
      • Methimazole: Preferred due to fewer side effects.
      • Propylthiouracil: Less commonly used due to potential liver toxicity.

    Aldosterone Analogue

    • Fludrocortisone: Mimics aldosterone, used in Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension.

    Cation Exchange Resins

    • Bind potassium in the gut, used in hyperkalemia management.
      • Patiromer: Treatment of chronic hyperkalemia, non-absorbed.
      • Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Traditional therapy for acute hyperkalemia.
      • Zirconium Cyclosilicate: Newer agent for potassium control.

    Drugs which Increase Insulin Sensitivity

    • Enhance insulin action on target tissues.
      • Metformin: First-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, reduces hepatic glucose production.
      • Pioglitazone: Thiazolidinedione, promotes adipocyte differentiation, lowers insulin resistance.

    Vasopressin (ADH) Antagonists

    • Block vasopressin receptor actions, used in conditions like hyponatremia.
      • Demeclocycline: Tetracycline antibiotic, also used for SIADH.
      • Conivaptan: Non-selective V1A/V2 receptor antagonist.
      • Tolvaptan: Selective V2 receptor antagonist; treats hyponatremia.

    Dopamine Agonists

    • Act on dopamine receptors to modulate various physiological processes.
      • Bromocriptine: Anti-diabetic effects, improves insulin sensitivity.
      • Cabergoline: Primarily for Parkinson's disease, can influence metabolic control.

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    Description

    This quiz covers various classes of insulin secretion stimulants, including Sulfonylureas, GLP-1 Analogues, DPP-4 Inhibitors, and SGLT2 Inhibitors. Test your knowledge on the specific drugs within each category and their mechanisms of action. Ideal for students and professionals in the field of pharmacology or endocrinology.

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