124 Questions
Insulin glargine is soluble at physiological pH.
False
The onset of action of insulin glargine is approximately 1.1 hours.
True
Insulin glargine provides a peak concentration similar to NPH insulin.
False
Insulin glargine should be administered multiple times per day.
False
Mixing insulin glargine with other insulins is recommended for better efficacy.
False
The duration of action of insulin glargine is shorter than NPH insulin.
False
Insulin lispro, insulin aspart, and insulin glulisine have ultra-rapid onset with short duration of action.
True
NPH insulin has an onset of 2 hours and a peak at 68 hours.
False
The term 'isophane' was coined to reflect that NPH insulin contains insulin, zinc, and protamine.
False
Insulin lispro exists as a hexamer which delays absorption because it dissociates into dimers and trimers.
False
The complex of protamine, zinc, and insulin in NPH insulin is formulated at acidic pH.
False
Insulin glargine, insulin detemir, and insulin degludec have an intermediate onset with extended action.
True
Insulin lispro facilitates the creation of a rapidly absorbed insulin by inverting proline and lysine at positions β28 and β29 in human insulin.
True
Insulin aspart prevents aggregation into hexamers and dimers by replacing proline at position β28 with aspartic acid.
True
Insulin glulisine is stable in saline for IV use due to the replacement of lysine with glutamic acid at position β29.
False
Insulin glulisine enters circulation twice as fast as regular crystalline insulin.
True
The clinical use of insulin lispro includes being suitable for dosing on a sliding scale prior to meals.
True
The active form of insulin is the dimer according to the text.
False
When should intermittent SC injections be given in relation to a meal?
20 minutes before starting a meal
Which insulin is suitable for IV use in emergencies such as ketoacidosis?
Regular (crystalline zinc) insulin
Which insulin has an onset of 30 minutes following subcutaneous injection?
Insulin aspart
What is a characteristic of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin?
Has an onset of 2 to 4 hours
Which type of insulin is not suitable for IV use?
Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin
What onset of action is expected from Insulin glargine?
>4 hours
Which of the following best describes a potential long-term complication of diabetes?
Damage to nerves and blood vessels
What is the primary goal of insulin therapy for diabetics?
To prevent the development of metabolic abnormalities
What factor determines the rate of insulin release and duration of action from the site of administration?
The ratio of zinc to insulin
Which of the following insulin preparations is recommended for patients with extreme insulin resistance?
U-500 insulin
What is the purpose of adding protamine to insulin preparations?
To alter the pharmacokinetics of insulin
Why is it challenging to meet the insulin demands of a diverse group of diabetic patients?
Because no single insulin preparation can meet the demands of such a diverse group
Which insulin administration method prevents the need for numerous daily injections?
Continuous s.c. insulin pumps
Which insulin administration method is effective and convenient for covering mealtime insulin requirements?
Inhaled insulin formulation
Which insulin administration method is contraindicated in patients with lung disease?
Inhaled insulin formulation
Which insulin administration method delivers a constant 24-hour basal rate, and manual modifications in the rate of delivery can accommodate changes in insulin requirements?
Continuous s.c. insulin pumps
Which insulin administration method results in average blood glucose concentrations between 225 and 275 mg/dL?
Two s.c. insulin injections per day
Which insulin administration method has side effects that include cough and bronchospasm?
Inhaled insulin formulation
How do continuous subcutaneous insulin pumps provide flexibility in the arrangement of patients' daily activities?
By delivering a constant 24-hour basal rate
Which of the following is a common side effect of inhaled insulin (Afrezza®)?
Cough and bronchospasm
Why is it important for insulin pumps to have programmable settings?
To prevent hypoglycemic episodes
What is a potential long-term complication of diabetes that effective insulin therapy aims to prevent?
Diabetic retinopathy
In what context should manual modifications in the rate of delivery be made with s.c. insulin pumps?
Before exercise
How do pen-sized injectors differ from continuous subcutaneous insulin pumps?
Pen-sized injectors are disposable, while pumps have replaceable cartridges
What is a potential consequence if blood glucose concentrations drop below 70 mg/dL?
Hypoglycemic episodes
Which of the following is a common long-term complication associated with uncontrolled diabetes?
Neuropathy
What is the primary purpose of continuous blood glucose monitoring systems?
To provide real-time glucose readings
Which insulin injection method mimics the basal insulin release of a healthy pancreas?
Insulin pumps
What is a potential side effect associated with insulin injections using syringes?
Bruising or pain at the injection site
Which of the following statements is true regarding insulin pump therapy?
It allows for precise insulin dosing adjustments
Which insulin formulation is suitable for IV use in emergencies such as ketoacidosis?
Regular Insulin
Which insulin administration method can help prevent hypoglycemic episodes?
External subcutaneous infusion pump
Which insulin formulation is not recommended for patients with extreme insulin resistance?
Regular Insulin
Which insulin formulation has an intermediate onset and duration of action?
NPH Insulin
Which insulin administration method is effective and convenient for covering mealtime insulin requirements?
Intermittent SC injections
Which insulin administration method is most effective in preventing hypoglycemic episodes?
External SC infusion pump
Which long-term diabetic complication can be prevented with effective insulin therapy and blood glucose monitoring?
Nephropathy
Which insulin administration method utilizes continuous blood glucose monitoring systems?
External SC infusion pump
Which type of insulin is most appropriate for treating ketoacidosis in an emergency situation?
Regular insulin (Humulin R®)
Which insulin formulation has an intermediate onset and extended duration of action?
Insulin detemir (Levemir®)
Which insulin injection method provides consistent basal insulin release similar to a healthy pancreas?
External SC infusion pump
Which insulin administration method is most effective in preventing hypoglycemic episodes?
Continuous subcutaneous insulin pump
Which of the following is a common long-term complication associated with uncontrolled diabetes?
Diabetic retinopathy
Which blood glucose monitoring system provides the most flexibility in daily activities?
Continuous blood glucose monitoring systems
Which insulin injection method mimics the basal insulin release of a healthy pancreas?
Subcutaneous injections
Which of the following is a potential side effect of insulin injections using syringes?
Lipodystrophy
Which insulin administration method is contraindicated in patients with lung disease?
Inhaled insulin
Which insulin administration method can help prevent the long-term complication of diabetic retinopathy?
Continuous subcutaneous insulin pumps
What role does continuous blood glucose monitoring play in preventing hypoglycemic episodes?
It provides real-time glucose levels to help prevent hypoglycemia.
Which insulin administration method is most suitable for patients with extreme insulin resistance?
Continuous subcutaneous insulin pumps
What is a potential long-term complication of diabetes that effective insulin therapy aims to prevent?
Neuropathy
Which insulin administration method can result in average blood glucose concentrations between 225 and 275 mg/dL?
Two s.c. insulin injections per day
What is the primary goal of insulin therapy for diabetics?
To maintain blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible
Which method of stabilizing blood glucose levels is no longer recommended due to an increased risk of hypoglycemic episodes?
Maintaining tight glycemic control
What is the average percentage decrease in long-term diabetic complications when blood glucose levels are stabilized using more frequent insulin injections or insulin pumps?
60%
Which type of insulin has an onset of approximately 0.25 hours, peaks at 0.5-1.5 hours, and has a duration of 2-4 hours?
Insulin lispro
What potential consequence may arise from an increased frequency (3X) of hypoglycemic episodes?
Reduced quality of life
What is the primary purpose of utilizing insulin pumps in conjunction with blood glucose monitoring?
To provide flexibility in insulin delivery
What is the effect of achieving average blood glucose concentrations of 150 mg/dL on diabetic complications?
Decrease in complications
What is the most serious side effect of any insulin product?
Hypoglycemia
Which receptors are activated in the liver during hypoglycemia to stimulate glycogenolysis?
α- and β2-adrenergic receptors
What are common warning signs of hypoglycemia?
Nervousness and tremor
In the context of insulin injections, what can a substantial overdose lead to?
Life-threatening hypoglycemia
What is the body's response to hypoglycemia in terms of hormone release from the adrenal gland?
Increased release of cortisol and epinephrine
How do the pharmacokinetic properties of Sulfonylureas drugs differ from other diabetes medications?
They have similar actions to other drugs
In the context of diabetic therapy, what is the significance of reducing HbA1c levels to < 6.5%?
It reflects the effectiveness of therapy in controlling blood glucose over time
What is a potential challenge in meeting the insulin demands of a diverse group of diabetic patients?
Variability in basal insulin requirements
Why is it crucial to prevent hypoglycemic episodes in diabetics receiving Sulfonylureas?
To avoid acute and prolonged hypoglycemia
Which long-term diabetic complication can be avoided with effective insulin therapy and blood glucose monitoring?
Cardiovascular disease
What is the primary goal of insulin therapy for diabetics in the context of reducing HbA1c levels?
To reduce HbA1c levels to < 6.5%
Protamine is obtained from the semen of fish.
True
Insulin units are now determined based on the weight of the recombinant insulin obtained from a recrystallized sample.
True
The goal of insulin therapy is primarily to correct metabolic abnormalities in diabetics.
False
All insulin preparations have the same onset and duration of action.
False
Diabetics can have their diverse insulin demands successfully met by a single insulin preparation.
False
Insulin glulisine has an extended duration of action similar to insulin detemir.
False
Insulin lispro is not recommended for dosing on a sliding scale prior to meals.
True
Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin can be used for IV administration in emergencies.
False
Insulin pump therapy does not require manual modifications in the rate of delivery to accommodate changes in insulin requirements.
False
One of the long-term complications of uncontrolled diabetes that insulin therapy aims to prevent is ketoacidosis.
True
Continuous blood glucose monitoring systems are typically utilized in conjunction with insulin pumps.
True
Insulin degludec has a shorter duration of action compared to Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin.
False
Continuous subcutaneous insulin pumps are contraindicated in patients with lung disease.
False
Inhaled insulin (Afrezza®) is not effective for covering mealtime insulin requirements.
False
Standard therapy for insulin treatment involves producing average blood glucose concentrations between 225 and 275 mg/dL.
True
Insulin pumps deliver a constant 12-hour basal rate that cannot be manually modified.
False
Insulin glargine is soluble at physiological pH.
False
An overdose of insulin injections can lead to hyperglycemia.
False
What is a potential complication of diabetes that effective insulin therapy aims to prevent?
Hyperglycemia
Which method of insulin administration is contraindicated in patients with lung disease?
Inhalation
Which blood glucose monitoring system provides the most flexibility in daily activities?
Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS)
What is the main purpose of insulin pumps in conjunction with blood glucose monitoring?
To improve glycemic control
What is a potential side effect associated with insulin injections using syringes?
Hypoglycemia
Which insulin formulation is not recommended for patients with extreme insulin resistance?
U-100
Which insulin administration method is most effective in preventing hypoglycemic episodes?
External subcutaneous (SC) infusion pump
Which long-term diabetic complication can be prevented with effective insulin therapy and blood glucose monitoring?
Diabetic retinopathy
Which insulin formulation is suitable for IV use in emergencies such as ketoacidosis?
Regular crystalline zinc insulin
Which insulin administration method can help prevent the long-term complication of diabetic retinopathy?
External SC infusion pump
Which insulin formulation has an intermediate onset and duration of action?
Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH)
Which of the following is a common long-term complication associated with uncontrolled diabetes?
Diabetic retinopathy
Which insulin administration method prevents the need for numerous daily injections and provides flexibility in the arrangement of patients’ daily activities?
Continuous s.c. insulin pumps
What is the primary purpose of continuous blood glucose monitoring systems when used in conjunction with insulin pumps?
To measure blood glucose levels
Which insulin administration method has side effects that include cough and bronchospasm?
Inhaled insulin formulation
Which of the following is a potential long-term complication of diabetes that effective insulin therapy aims to prevent?
Diabetic retinopathy
Which insulin administration method is most effective in preventing hypoglycemic episodes?
Continuous s.c. insulin pumps
What is a potential challenge in meeting the insulin demands of a diverse group of diabetic patients?
Diverse insulin demands
Learn about the differences between insulin lispro and human insulin, including the impact of amino acid positions on insulin dissociation. Understand how the simple inversion of amino acids affects the absorption rate of insulin.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
