39 Questions
What is the main difference between positive punishment and negative reinforcement?
Positive punishment aims to stop a behavior to prevent an unpleasant consequence, while negative reinforcement aims to continue a behavior to stop an unpleasant consequence from happening again
What is an example of negative punishment or omission training?
Sending a child to their room after doing something bad
What is the purpose of using differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)?
To periodically deliver a positive reinforcer only if they do something that is NOT the targeted (bad) response
What determines if instrumental behavior will be repeated?
The consequence of the behavior
Which early psychologist proposed the Law of Effect in instrumental conditioning?
Thorndike
What is an example of a compulsive habit in instrumental conditioning?
Eating popcorn when smelling it
What is an example of a modern approach to the study of instrumental conditioning?
Discrete-Trial Procedures
What is an example of an operant response in a Skinner box?
Pushing down a lever to receive a reinforcer
What is the purpose of response shaping in instrumental conditioning?
To reinforce certain behaviors to eventually get the desired behavior
What does shaping usually involve in instrumental conditioning?
Combining familiar behaviors to get to a new behavioral response
What is the purpose of measuring response rate in operant conditioning?
To determine how often or fast the behavior occurs
What is an example of an appetitive stimulus in instrumental conditioning?
Getting paid
What happens in positive punishment in instrumental conditioning?
Instrumental response produces an aversive stimulus
What is an example of negative reinforcement in instrumental conditioning?
Opening an umbrella to stop from getting wet
What does positive reinforcement involve in instrumental conditioning?
Instrumental response produces an appetitive stimulus
What does reinforcement increase in instrumental conditioning?
Response variability
What is belongingness in instrumental conditioning based on?
An organism's evolutionary history
What can cause instinctive drift in instrumental behavior?
Food-related responses
According to behavior systems theory, what activates when an animal is deprived?
Feeding system
What is the main factor that determines the effectiveness of a reinforcer?
Magnitude and quality of the reinforcer
Which type of contrast effect is observed when a small reinforcer is followed by a large reinforcer?
Positive contrast
What is the term for the relationship between the response and reinforcer in instrumental conditioning?
Response-reinforcer contingency
What is the most effective timeframe for reinforcement delivery in instrumental conditioning?
0.5 to 30 seconds
What is the term for a conditioned stimulus previously associated with the reinforcer in instrumental conditioning?
Secondary reinforcer
What did Skinner's Superstition Experiment distinguish between?
Contiguity and contingency
What type of behavior increases in frequency due to accidental pairings with delivery of a reinforcer?
Superstitious behavior
What effect disrupts the learning of new instrumental responses as a result of exposure to inescapable stimulation?
Learned helplessness effect
What is the key difference between the exposure phase and conditioning phase in the Triadic Design?
Sensitivity to contingency
What do animals learn during exposure to uncontrollable shocks according to the Learned Helplessness Hypothesis?
The shocks are independent of their behavior
What is the term for the interference with the learning of new instrumental responses as a result of exposure to inescapable stimulation?
Learned helplessness effect
What is the term for behavior that increases in frequency because of accidental pairings with delivery of a reinforcer?
Superstitious behavior
What is the explanation or interpretation of the effect in the triadic design?
Attention deficit hypothesis: Inescapable shock reduces the extent to which animals pay attention to their own behaviour therefore a learning deficit occurs
What is the role of the PFC and Dorsal Raphe in learned helplessness?
Long term consequences: dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT released and sensitizing effect upon exposure to uncontrollable stimuli
What is the focus of the response-allocation approach in instrumental conditioning?
Concerned with how an instrumental conditioning procedure limits an organism's free flow of activities
What does the law of effect state in instrumental conditioning?
Strengthening of association between S and R when R is reinforced
What is the purpose of the functional perspective in instrumental conditioning?
How organisms manage to achieve goals with the context of all their behavioral options
What is the effect of exposure to uncontrollable stimulation on the dorsal raphe nucleus?
Long term consequences: dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT released and sensitizing effect upon exposure to uncontrollable stimuli
What is the associative structure of instrumental conditioning?
Stimulus context (S) Instrumental response (R) Response outcome/reinforcer (O)
What is the focus of the response-allocation approach in instrumental conditioning?
Concerned with how an instrumental conditioning procedure limits an organism's free flow of activities
Test your knowledge of instrumental behavior and goal-oriented behavior with this quiz. Explore the concepts of responding to produce desired outcomes and the role of consequences in shaping behavior.
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