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kaboang

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Questions and Answers

What can result from the combination of insecticide resistance and destruction of natural enemies?

  • Secondary pest outbreaks. (correct)
  • Complete elimination of all pests.
  • A decrease in pest populations.
  • An increase in natural enemy populations.

    • What is a primary characteristic of the injection method in bioassays?

  • It directly targets the respiratory system.
  • It eliminates differences based on body wall properties. (correct)
  • It allows for variation in surface activity.
  • It is unsuitable for all types of insects.

    • How does the topical method of applying insecticides function?

  • It injects insecticides into the bloodstream.
  • It applies insecticides to the outer surface of insects. (correct)
  • It uses temperature to increase effectiveness.
  • It mixes insecticides with food to be ingested.

    • What leads to an increased population of a previously controlled pest after insecticide treatment?

    <p>The destruction of natural enemies and resistance development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a bioassay primarily determine?

    <p>The biological activity of a substance on a test organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after ovulation in the reproductive cycle of insects?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is parthenogenesis?

    <p>Development from an unfertilized egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atypical mode of reproduction results exclusively in female offspring?

    <p>Thelytokous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what mode of reproduction does a female insect produce both males and females?

    <p>Amphitokous or Deuterotokous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of life does paedogenesis occur in?

    <p>Immature stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential products derived from the use of pesticides?

    <p>Chemical degradation and conversion products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'maximum residue limit' refer to?

    <p>The highest permissible concentration of pesticide residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'Good Agricultural Practice' (GAP)?

    <p>Authorized use of pesticides in various stages of product handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of insecticides is included in chemical structures commonly found in pesticides?

    <p>Organophosphorous compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'environmental alteration of insecticide residues' imply?

    <p>The change in pesticide presence due to environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the main benefit of the agricultural transformation in the Philippines over the last 50 to 60 years?

    <p>Productivity started to increase due to various factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insecticides has been most widely used for the past three decades?

    <p>Endosulfan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of bio-rational pesticides?

    <p>They are based on naturally occurring substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage do pesticides contribute to total agrochemical inputs expenditure?

    <p>18.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of insecticides is commonly used on vegetables, bananas, and rice?

    <p>Organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a major consequence of the introduction of high yielding varieties in agriculture?

    <p>Increase in agricultural productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes how modern insecticides are typically synthesized?

    <p>In sophisticated labs by trained chemists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of insecticides includes DDT, known for its high effectiveness?

    <p>Organochlorines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'residue' refer to in the context of insecticides?

    <p>The quantity of the active ingredient remaining after weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the breakdown rate of insecticides?

    <p>The color of the pesticide container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the potential outcomes of microbial degradation of insecticides?

    <p>They break down into less toxic forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor can affect the degradation of insecticides?

    <p>Ambient temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a hazard of insecticides to non-target organisms?

    <p>They can enhance bioconcentration in ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of insecticides can affect their degradation by sunlight?

    <p>Chemical reactivity and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of applying insecticides in excess amounts?

    <p>Increased risk of toxic residue accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the chemical properties of spray water influence insecticide effectiveness?

    <p>By affecting the volatility of the active ingredient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reproductive Systems

    • Developing eggs move down the ovariole
    • Copulation occurs when the male deposits a spermatophore in the bursa copulatrix.
    • Ovulation takes place
    • Fertilization occurs when the sperm’s nucleus fuses with the egg cell’s nucleus.
    • Oviposition, or egg-laying, follows fertilization.
    • Egg begins embryonic development

    Atypical Modes of Reproduction

    • Parthenogenesis: Development from an unfertilized egg.
      • Thelytokous: Females produce only females.
      • Arrhenotokous: Females produce only males.
      • Amphitokous or Deuterotokous: Females produce both sexes.
    • Paedogenesis: Reproduction in an immature stage.
      • Larval Paedogenesis: Reproduction in an immature stage.

    Insecticide Use Pattern

    • Insecticide Use Profile: Significant transformation in Philippine agriculture in the last 50 to 60 years.
      • Productivity started to increase in the 1960s due to improved agricultural infrastructure, a massive increase in agricultural inputs (fertilizers & pesticides), and the introduction of high-yielding varieties.
      • Pesticides account for 18.2% of total agrochemical input expenditure.
      • The most commonly used insecticides are organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. These are mainly used on vegetables, bananas, and rice.
      • Endosulfan, an organophosphate, has been the most widely used insecticide over the last 3 decades.

    Insecticide Resistance

    • Insecticide resistance has resulted in a dramatic increase in the numbers of targeted pests.
    • If natural enemies recover much more slowly than the pest population, the pest can exceed levels found prior to insecticide treatment.
    • Secondary Pest Outbreak: This occurs when the suppression of the original target pest coupled with the development of resistance and destruction of natural enemies leads to insects previously considered non-pests becoming major pests.

    Bioassay

    • Bioassay: A process that determines the biological activity of a substance and compares its effects to those of standard preparations on a test organism.
      • Injection Method: Eliminates the differences in surface activity, penetrability, and other properties of the body wall, digestive tract, or respiratory system of different insects.
      • Topical Method: Insecticide is applied topically to the outer surface of the insect using a micropipettor or a special syringe directly to insects.

    Movement of Insecticides

    • Penetration of Insecticide through the Insect’s Cuticle
    • Residues of Insecticides: Found in water, soil, air, animals, humans, and commodities (food/feed).
    • Environmental Alteration of Insecticide Residues:
    • Hazards of Insecticides to Non-Target Organisms:

    Factors Affecting Insecticide Breakdown

    • Chemistry of the Insecticide: Water solubility/polarity/volatility/chemical reactivity/stability.
    • Chemical and Physical Property of Spray Additives
    • Chemistry (pH, hardness) of the Spray Water
    • Environmental Factors: Temperature, humidity, rainfall.
    • Plant Factors: Surface chemistry, waxiness.

    Residue Characteristics of Insecticides in Soils

    • **Insecticides in Soils **

    Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)

    • The officially recommended or authorized usage of pesticides under practical conditions at any stage of products' storage, transport, distribution, and processing of food, agricultural commodities, and animal feed.
    • It takes into account variations in requirements within and between regions, aiming for the minimum quantities necessary to achieve adequate control.
    • It emphasizes applying insecticides in a manner that leaves the smallest amount of residue practicable while ensuring toxicological acceptability.

    Environmental Alteration of Insecticidal Residues

    • Degradation: Breakdown to less toxic forms or, in some instances, more toxic products.
      • Microbial Degradation: Yeasts, bacteria, and fungi are known to breakdown carbaryl and chlorpyrifos.
      • Degradation by Sunlight and Other Physical Factors:
    • Transfer/Translocation or Bioconcentration: Movement into some ecosystems.
    • Immobilization:

    Hazards of Insecticides to Non-Target Organisms

    • Insecticide Hazards

    Maximum Residue Limit (MRL)

    • The maximum concentration for a pesticide residue resulting from the use of a pesticide.

    Insecticide Production

    • Synthesis: First synthesized in small-scale by trained chemists in a well-equipped and sophisticated laboratory.

    Modern Insecticides (Synthetic Organics)

    • Modern insecticides include: Organochlorines, Organophosphates, Carbamates, Pyrethroids, and Neonicotinoids.
    • These insecticides generally have highly effective insecticidal activity with low mammalian toxicity, with DDT being the most widely used pesticide in the world until the 1960s.

    Bio-Rational Pesticides

    • Based on naturally occurring products, such as biological insect hormones, developmental inhibitors, microbes, plant extracts.
    • Synthesized to produce new-generation insecticides such as Bt, pyrethroids, spinosads, and pheromones.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of insect reproductive systems and atypical modes of reproduction, including parthenogenesis and paedogenesis. This quiz also covers the impact of insecticide use on agricultural practices. Test your knowledge and understanding of these vital biological concepts.

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