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Questions and Answers
What structure in male insects is responsible for storing sperm after it is produced?
What structure in male insects is responsible for storing sperm after it is produced?
In female insects, what is the role of the accessory glands associated with the vagina?
In female insects, what is the role of the accessory glands associated with the vagina?
What reproductive feature distinguishes male honeybees from those of many other insect species?
What reproductive feature distinguishes male honeybees from those of many other insect species?
Where do sperm get stored after mating in female insects?
Where do sperm get stored after mating in female insects?
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Which of the following reproductive strategies involves two parent organisms?
Which of the following reproductive strategies involves two parent organisms?
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What is a characteristic of asexual reproduction?
What is a characteristic of asexual reproduction?
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What is the term for organisms that can produce both male and female gametes simultaneously?
What is the term for organisms that can produce both male and female gametes simultaneously?
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What type of reproduction allows female gametes to develop without fertilization?
What type of reproduction allows female gametes to develop without fertilization?
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Which of the following describes ovoviviparity?
Which of the following describes ovoviviparity?
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What distinguishes semelparity from iteroparity in reproductive strategies?
What distinguishes semelparity from iteroparity in reproductive strategies?
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In which type of fertilization are eggs fertilized outside of the female's body?
In which type of fertilization are eggs fertilized outside of the female's body?
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What term describes the reproductive strategy where an egg develops without being fertilized?
What term describes the reproductive strategy where an egg develops without being fertilized?
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What role do hormones and environmental cues play in animal reproduction?
What role do hormones and environmental cues play in animal reproduction?
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What is the primary function of testes in sexual reproduction?
What is the primary function of testes in sexual reproduction?
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What is the primary function of estrogen in the ovarian cycle?
What is the primary function of estrogen in the ovarian cycle?
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What initiates the transformation of the corpus luteum?
What initiates the transformation of the corpus luteum?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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How are egg cells conveyed to the uterus?
How are egg cells conveyed to the uterus?
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What role do estrogens have in the endometrium during the luteal phase?
What role do estrogens have in the endometrium during the luteal phase?
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What prevents polyspermy during fertilization?
What prevents polyspermy during fertilization?
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Which hormone primarily prepares the uterus for pregnancy?
Which hormone primarily prepares the uterus for pregnancy?
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During which phase does ovulation occur?
During which phase does ovulation occur?
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What structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for sperm formation?
What structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for sperm formation?
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What is the primary function of the prostate gland?
What is the primary function of the prostate gland?
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Which accessory gland contributes the most to the total volume of semen?
Which accessory gland contributes the most to the total volume of semen?
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During which process does a primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?
During which process does a primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?
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What substance is secreted by the bulbourethral gland prior to ejaculation?
What substance is secreted by the bulbourethral gland prior to ejaculation?
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What does testosterone primarily influence in males?
What does testosterone primarily influence in males?
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Which event occurs after ovulation in the female reproductive system?
Which event occurs after ovulation in the female reproductive system?
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What is a primary oocyte during fetal development?
What is a primary oocyte during fetal development?
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What is the role of fructose in semen?
What is the role of fructose in semen?
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What happens if a primary oocyte is fertilized?
What happens if a primary oocyte is fertilized?
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Study Notes
Reproduction
- Reproduction is the production of offspring, either sexually or asexually.
Reproduction Strategies
- Asexual reproduction requires only one parent organism.
- Sexual reproduction requires two parent organisms (male and female). Male gametes are sperm and female gametes are ova (eggs). Fusion of these forms a zygote.
Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
- Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission (splitting of a parent into two or more individuals).
- Other common asexual reproductive mechanisms in invertebrates include budding (new individuals grow as outgrowths from the parent) and fragmentation (a parent breaks into several pieces, each developing into a new individual).
- Parthenogenesis also occurs in invertebrates (an egg develops into a new individual without fertilization).
Sexual Reproduction
- Two Parents: Each parent has specific reproductive organs.
- Male reproductive organs: Testes produce sperm.
- Female reproductive organs: Ovaries produce ova (eggs).
Reproduction Strategies - Types
- Internal vs External Fertilization: Sperm deposited in or near female's reproductive tract; or in the external environment.
- Semelparity: Single reproductive episode before death (octopus, mayfly, salmon).
- Iteroparity: Multiple reproductive episodes over lifespan (most animals).
External vs Internal Fertilization
- External fertilization: Eggs released by female, fertilized by sperm outside the body.
- Internal fertilization: Sperm deposited in or near the female reproductive tract; fertilization occurs within the tract.
Reproductive Cycles and Patterns
- Many animals have cycles in reproductive activity, often linked to changing seasons.
- These cycles are controlled by hormones and environmental cues.
Hermaphroditism & Alternation of Sexes
- Simultaneous hermaphroditism: Both male and female gametes are present in the same organism (self-fertilization possible); Bluehead wrasse female first.
- Sequential hermaphroditism: Change sex during their lives. Protandrous: male first.
Liver Fluke (Sexual and Asexual Reproduction)
- Liver flukes have both sexual and asexual reproductive cycles.
- They have separate male and female reproductive organs.
Female Gametes - Reproduction Types
- Oviparity: Eggs laid outside the mother's body.
- Ovoviviparity: Eggs develop inside the mother, nutrients stored in the egg; hatch in the mother's uterus.
- Viviparity: No eggs; embryo develops inside the mother; all mammals except monotremes.
Insects
- Insects have separate sexes with complex reproductive systems.
- Detailed descriptions of male and female reproductive structures in insects.
Mammalian Reproduction: Males
- Male gonads (testes) consist of coiled tubes (seminiferous tubules) surrounded by connective tissue.
- Sperm production occurs in the testes.
- Sperm travels through the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
- Accessory glands produce fluids that become semen, including fructose and other energy sources, as well as buffers. The pair of seminal vesicles contribute around 60% of seminal fluid. The prostate gland and bulbourethral glands also contribute to seminal fluid.
Spermatogenesis
- Detailed process describing the development of sperm through mitosis and meiosis.
Accessory Glands
- Detailed description of male accessory glands (prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands) and their roles.
Female Reproductive Organs: Ovary
- Ovaries are located in the abdominal cavity.
- Each ovary contains follicles, with an egg cell surrounded by follicle cells.
- Ovulation releases the egg cell.
- Remaining follicle tissue forms the corpus luteum, which secretes hormones.
Oogenesis
- Process of egg cell development from immature egg cells (oogonia).
- Oogonia undergo mitosis and then meiosis.
Oogenesis
- More detailed description of the steps in oogenesis and the formation of the oocyte.
- Primary oocytes begin meiosis in fetal life, but complete meiosis only if fertilization occurs.
- There are two divisions of meiosis.
Ovaries. Hormones
- The ovaries produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone, with detailed roles in ovulation, pregnancy, and related processes.
Oviducts and Uterus
- Egg released into abdominal cavity, near oviduct(fallopian tube).
- Cilia convey egg to the uterus.
Ovarian Cycle
- The ovarian cycle has phases (follicular and luteal) relating to follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation, and includes hormone levels (e.g., GnRH, FSH, LH).
Luteal Phase
- Description of the luteal phase and corpus luteum formation, function (production/secretion of progesterone and estrogen).
- Functions of progesterone and estrogen in relation to the uterine wall (endometrium).
Fertilization
- Acrosome reaction activates the egg.
- Sperm contacts egg plasma membrane, calcium released from internal organelles that triggers changes in the egg membrane to prevent other sperm from fertilizing the same egg.
Gamete Production. Meiosis
- Detailed comparison/overview of oogenesis and spermatogenesis, including the phases of meiosis.
Revision Questions
- List of suggested revision questions based on the topics covered in the slides.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the reproductive systems and strategies of insects. This quiz covers sperm storage, reproductive roles of accessory glands, and different reproduction methods like asexuality and ovoviviparity. Understand the distinctions between various reproductive features in male and female insects.
