69 Questions
What is the primary characteristic of innate immunity?
Immediate immune response
Which component is NOT part of the first line of defense in innate immunity?
Humoral component
What type of immunity is adaptive immunity?
Antigen-specific and delayed
Which type of infection primarily induces innate immunity?
Respiratory infection
What is the main role of phagocytosis in innate immunity?
Recognizing pathogens and engulfing them
Which type of immunity leaves a memory of past infections?
Adaptive immunity
What is the main function of defensins found in azurophilic granules?
Generate bactericidal substances
Which enzyme found in azurophilic granules degrades bacterial proteins?
Cathepsin G
What do the secondary granules in mature PMN cells contain for the production of toxic radicals?
Components of NADPH oxidase
Which cells are identified by the expression of CD14, CD11b or F4/80?
Macrophages
What signals induce chemotaxis of macrophages towards the site of microbe entry?
N-formyl-methionine secreted by bacteria
What is the main function of lysosomes in macrophages?
Intracellular killing mechanisms
What is the main killing mechanism in the non-oxidative intracellular killing pathway?
Action of toxic substances in lysosomes
Which enzyme is responsible for producing hypochlorous acid during myeloperoxidase dependent intracellular killing?
Myeloperoxidase
During the process of phagocytosis, what leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species?
Use of oxygen and glucose
What is produced by the interaction between the superoxide anion and nitric oxide?
Peroxynitrite
Which substance sequestrates iron to inhibit bacterial growth?
Lactoferrin
What is the process that induces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) during antimicrobial action?
Binding bacteria through TLR
What type of receptor is involved in recognizing Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?
Toll-like receptors
What is the role of the Fc receptor in phagocytosis?
It enhances metabolic activity of the phagocyte.
Which receptor directly binds to C3b complement component?
Complement receptors
Which type of receptor directly binds various polyamines found on bacterial surfaces?
Scavenger receptors
What happens when macrophages bind antigen through their Toll-like receptors?
They become activated and secrete cytokines.
Which receptor is involved in enhancing the metabolic activity of phagocytes during phagocytosis?
Fc receptors
Which type of immune system receptor recognizes damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?
NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
Which transcription factor is activated by the detection of PAMPs by NOD-like receptors?
NF-κB
Which type of receptor is involved in fungal recognition and modulation of the innate immune response?
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
Which type of receptor is located within the host cells and signals the presence of invaders in innate immune response?
NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
Which type of receptor is expressed in the cytoplasm and detects viral RNA?
RIG-like receptors (RLRs)
Which type of receptor binds to carbohydrates in a calcium-dependent manner?
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
Which type of receptor is responsible for production of Drosomycin, an antifungal peptide?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
Which immunity is designed to protect the body from injury or infection without prior contact with the infectious agent?
Natural immunity
What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
Antigen-specific vs. non-antigen specific
Which component of innate immunity is primarily responsible for recognizing and eliminating pathogens?
Complement system
What is the main function of PAMPs in the induction of innate immunity?
Signaling pathogen presence
In which line of defense are phagocytosis and inflammation primarily associated in the immune response?
Second line of defense
What distinguishes the roles of humoral and cellular components in innate immunity?
Cellular component is slower, humoral component is rapid
Which enzyme is found in azurophilic granules and is responsible for degrading the bacterial cell wall?
Lactoferrin
What do secondary granules in mature PMN cells NOT contain for the production of toxic radicals?
Azurophilic granules
Which factor is used by macrophages for intracellular killing mechanisms?
Complement system components
What is the primary role of macrophages in response to danger signals at sites of pathogen entry?
Production of cytokines
Which receptors do phagocytes possess to bind microorganisms during phagocytosis?
Toll-like receptors
What induces chemotaxis of macrophages towards the site of microbe entry?
N-formyl-methionine secreted by bacteria
Which receptor is involved in the activation of phagocytosis when C3b is bound to an antigen?
Complement receptor
Which receptor directly binds to polyamines found on bacterial surfaces to initiate phagocytosis?
Scavenger receptor
Which receptor is involved in enhancing the metabolic activity of phagocytes during phagocytosis when antibodies are available?
Fc receptor
Which receptor recognizes Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and leads to the secretion of cytokines by macrophages in preparation for an inflammatory reaction?
Toll-like receptor
Which receptor is not involved in the direct binding of antigens or molecules on microorganisms?
Toll-like receptor
Which receptor is involved in the activation of phagocytosis in recurrent infections?
Fc receptor
What is the main function of Peptidoglycan-recognition proteins (PGRPs)?
Inducing production of antimicrobial peptides
Which receptors are structurally related to Toll-like receptors and can detect pathogens in the cytoplasm?
NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
Which of the following is NOT a function of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)?
Enhancing metabolic activity of phagocytes
What is the primary role of RIG-like receptors (RLRs) in the immune response?
Induce production of antiviral cytokines
How do RIG-like receptors (RLRs) contribute to the immune response?
Detect pathogens in the cytoplasm
Which receptor family binds to carbohydrates in a calcium-dependent manner?
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
What is the main characteristic of Peptidoglycan-recognition proteins (PGRPs) found in pigs?
Expressed constitutively in skin, bone marrow, and intestines
How do NOD-like receptors (NLRs) contribute to the immune response upon detecting PAMPs?
Activating NF-κB
What is the function of Peptidoglycan-recognition proteins (PGRPs) upon detecting microbial peptidoglycan?
Inducing production of antimicrobial peptides
What is a distinguishing feature of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) compared to Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
Found inside the cells
What are the major lines of defense in the innate immunity?
Innate immunity, physical barriers, and cellular barriers
Which cell does not belong to the polymorphonuclear cells (PMN)?
Macrophages
Which protein is not part of the complement system?
Complement component D
Which of the following is not a function of the normal biota on the skin and digestive tract?
Stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against pathogens
Which of the following is not a function of neutrophils?
Production of antibodies
Which of the following is not a function of lactoferrin and transferrin?
Increase temperature during inflammation
Which of the following does not belong to the physical barriers of innate immunity?
Phagocytic system
Which of the following is not a function of interferons?
Enhance phagocytosis
Which of the following is not a function of NK cells?
Participate in wound healing
Which of the following is not a function of the coagulative system?
Digest the bacterial cell wall
Test your knowledge of innate immunity with this quiz by Dr. Felix N. Toka, Professor of Veterinary Virology & Immunology. Learn about the first, second, and third lines of defense, routes of infection, barriers, phagocytosis, PAMPs, and DAMPs in innate immunity.
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