Natural Killer Cells in Veterinary Immunology
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What distinguishes Natural Killer (NK) cells from other immune cells like T cells or B cells?

  • They possess receptors generated through gene segment rearrangement.
  • They migrate to tissues only when an inflammatory reaction is not underway.
  • They originate from bone marrow and have a short lifespan. (correct)
  • They express CD56, CD16, and CD3 receptors.

    • Which receptors are responsible for cell trafficking in Natural Killer (NK) cells?

  • CD3 receptors
  • TCR and BCR
  • Antigen receptors
  • Chemokine receptors (correct)

    • How are Natural Killer (NK) cells identified in vitro?

  • By the lack of CD3 and expression of CD56, CD16. (correct)
  • By the expression of CD56, CD16, and CD3 receptors.
  • By the presence of TCR and BCR
  • By the expression of CD335 (NKp46) exclusively.

    • What is the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in innate immunity?

    <p>They play a role in target cell recognition and killing mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Natural Killer (NK) cells similar to large granular lymphocytes (LGL)?

    <p>They resemble lymphocytes morphologically and contain granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals lack an exclusive marker for identifying Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>Pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inhibitory receptors on NK cells?

    <p>Recognize MHC-I molecules expressed on normal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves the release of perforin from NK cells?

    <p>Perforin-dependent mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of granzymes and protease in NK cell cytotoxicity?

    <p>Induce apoptosis of target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligands do activating receptors on NK cells bind to?

    <p>Ligands expressed on stressed, infected, or transformed cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What renders a cell vulnerable to destruction by NK cells?

    <p>Reduction or lack of MHC-I expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves binding of CD95L on NK cells to CD95 on target cells?

    <p>CD95/CD95L (Fas/FasL) mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inhibitory signal in the context of NK cells?

    <p>To preserve the target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NK cells decide whether to kill a target cell?

    <p>Based on the expression of stress molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when activating signals are blocked by inhibitory signals?

    <p>The target cell is preserved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the activating signal in the context of NK cells?

    <p>To kill the target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the inhibitory receptors in NK cells?

    <p>To transmit the 'do not kill' signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the activating receptors sense changes on the target cell surface?

    <p>The 'kill' signal is transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells express NK1.1 and other KLR family receptors?

    <p>Natural killer T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are primarily responsible for lysing tumor cells spontaneously?

    <p>Natural killer dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells make up at least 0.5% to 1% of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells?

    <p>Natural killer T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells primarily recognize glycolipid antigens on bacteria?

    <p>Natural killer T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells express CD11c, a DC marker?

    <p>Natural killer dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are activated by IL-15?

    <p>Natural killer T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD16 in NK cells?

    <p>CD16 is a receptor that allows NK cells to bind to antibodies, leading to cellular cytotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are LAK cells?

    <p>Lymphokine activated killer cells are NK cells treated with cytokines that have increased cytotoxic capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cytokine that activates NK cells?

    <p>IL-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NK cells?

    <p>NK cells primarily exhibit cytotoxic activity against infected or abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by NK cells?

    <p>ADCC involves the binding of NK cells to antibodies through CD16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NK cells recognize target cells in the CD16 killing pathway?

    <p>By recognizing antibodies bound to the infected cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokines like IL-2 and IL-18 in regulating NK cell activity?

    <p>Activating NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells can NK cells be transformed into by treatment with certain cytokines?

    <p>Lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of therapy could lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells be potentially used?

    <p>Immunotherapy of tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of an enhanced activity of NK cells in certain virus infections?

    <p>Enhanced clearance of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NK cells recognize abnormal cells?

    <p>By the alteration of cell surface markers on stressed, infected, or transformed cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when NK cells are activated in vitro with cytokines like IL-2 and IFNγ?

    <p>They become Lymphokine Activated Killer (LAK) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the regulatory role of ME in NK cell cytokine and chemokine production?

    <p>Regulating the balance between activating and inhibitory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are highly expressed on the surface of stressed cells?

    <p>MICA, MICB, Rae-1, H60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of inhibitory receptors in regulating NK cell activation?

    <p>Balancing signals from activating receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors play a crucial role in balancing the activation of NK cells?

    <p>Activating and inhibitory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What renders a cell susceptible to destruction by Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>Lack of MHC-I expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves the release of granulysin, NK-lysin (granzymes), and fragmentin from cytotoxic granules?

    <p>Perforin-dependent mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell surface ligand interaction induces apoptosis of the target cell by the CD95/CD95L (Fas/FasL) mechanism?

    <p>CD95 on NK cells with CD95 on target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of perforin channels created by perforin released from NK cells?

    <p>Passage of granulysin and granzymes into the target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of activating receptors on NK cells in response to infected, stressed, or transformed cells?

    <p>Lysis of abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule released from cytotoxic granules by NK cells specifically triggers the apoptosis of the target cell?

    <p>NK-lysin (granzymes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the body?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are not found on Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>TCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common location for Natural Killer (NK) cells in the body?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells in morphology?

    <p>Large granular lymphocytes (LGL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a distinguishing feature of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>Express CD4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals does not have an exclusive marker for identifying Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>Pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells link the T cell system and NK cells?

    <p>NKT cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for producing large amounts of IFNγ upon stimulation through TLR9 (CpG)?

    <p>NK DCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are activated by IL-15 and do not develop into memory cells?

    <p>NKT cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are primarily involved in allergies, antitumor immunity, autoimmunity, and antimicrobial immunity?

    <p>NKT cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells express CD11c, a DC marker, and NK1.1, an NK cell marker?

    <p>NK DCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells spontaneously lyse tumor cells and can present antigen to naïve T cells?

    <p>NK DCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

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