Innate Immunity and Natural Barriers Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and/or spleen of the fetus called?

  • Hematopoiesis (correct)
  • Maturation
  • Mitosis
  • Erythropoiesis

    • What are the two stages involved in blood cell production?

  • Proliferation and Differentiation (correct)
  • Hematopoiesis and Maturation
  • Mitosis and Erythropoiesis
  • Stem cells differentiation and Hematopoiesis

    • What keeps some cells as stem cells and drives the maturation of others into myeloid/lymphoid progenitor cells?

  • Hematopoietic stem cells (correct)
  • Erythropoietin
  • Mitosis
  • Differentiation

    • What is normal to see elevated in infants at birth?

    <p>WBC &amp; RBC counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of platelet adhesion?

    <p>Assist in forming a platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is important in the synthesis of clotting factors?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of thrombocytes (platelets)?

    <p>9-12 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is activated by tissue injury INSIDE the blood vessel?

    <p>Intrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is an important prothrombotic during the development of the platelet plug?

    <p>Thromboxane A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Protein C in hemostatic control?

    <p>Inactivate excessive thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by too many RBCs leading to thick blood?

    <p>Polycythemia Vera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the innate immune system?

    <p>Recognizing self from non-self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Von Willebrand disease leads to what condition?

    <p>Increased tendency to bleed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Nitric oxide in platelet function?

    <p>Preventing excessive clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is activated by tissue injury OUTSIDE the blood vessel?

    <p>Extrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is part of the innate immune system?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of erythropoietin?

    <p>Promotes red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis occur?

    <p>Stem cell and bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for the inflammatory response in tissues and mucus membranes?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high reticulocyte count indicate?

    <p>New RBCs are being made</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of hemoglobin in adults?

    <p>$13-16$ gm/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein transports iron in the blood?

    <p>Transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombin in the clotting cascade?

    <p>Breaks down fibrinogen into fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by high platelet count and occurs with inflammatory disease?

    <p>Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Unregulated release of thrombin with fibrin formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in platelet function?

    <p>Stimulates platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to erythrocytes in Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency?

    <p>Increased damage and death of RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does TIBC measure?

    <p>Iron binding capacity of transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves B and T cells, antibodies, and is more specific?

    <p>Acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the complement system in the innate immune response?

    <p>Enhance the ability of antibodies to clear microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are important for the primary function of the coagulation (clotting) system?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein system causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, and leukocyte chemotaxis?

    <p>Kinin system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of mast cell degranulation in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response involves immunoglobulins and lymphocytes?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glycoproteins present foreign antigens to T helper cells?

    <p>MHC II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are important for directly killing foreign or abnormal cells in cellular mediated immunity?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of T regulatory cells?

    <p>Regulate immune response and avoid attacking self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in producing memory cells?

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of haptens?

    <p>Induce immune response but can function as carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the production, proliferation, and differentiation of B lymphocytes occur?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus stores genetic material on two copies of RNA instead of the usual dsDNA?

    <p>HIV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathogenic effect of HIV virus on the immune system?

    <p>Depletion of T helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for bloodborne pathogens like HIV?

    <p>Maternal-child transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism allows HIV to bypass the immune system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic pathophysiology of HIV and the cell types involved?

    <p>High viral load and decreased CD4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In allergic rhinitis, what triggers the immune response causing rhinitis and conjunctivitis?

    <p>Airborne allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE-mediated anaphylaxis?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by excessive thyroid activity due to antibodies binding to TSH receptor?

    <p>Graves' disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after a throat infection caused by which microorganism?

    <p><strong>Streptococcus pyogenes</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Type III hypersensitivity reactions, where are the immune complexes formed before being deposited into vessel walls or tissues?

    <p>In circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of histamine binding to H1 receptors during allergic reactions?

    <p>Bronchial constriction and edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ system is particularly vulnerable in children due to passive maternal antibodies?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells contain granules with enzymes that destroy microorganisms?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are capable of amoeboid movement and phagocytosis, and release cytokines and leukotrienes that augment the inflammatory response?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are the main cells of the immune system, including mature B, T, and plasma cells?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells provide the main line of defense against bacteria in the bloodstream?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response involves B-cell differentiation and the production of IgM?

    <p>Primary response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of clinical infectious diseases involves the occurrence of initial mild symptoms with feelings of discomfort and tiredness?

    <p>Prodromal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of infection according to the text?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria contains endotoxins that are released during lysis of bacteria?

    <p>Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Exotoxins" are released during the growth of which type of bacteria?

    <p>Gram-positive bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Cell Production and Development

    • Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and/or spleen of the fetus.
    • Blood cell production involves two stages:
      • Production of stem cells and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells
      • Maturation of progenitor cells into specific blood cells (e.g., RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

    Blood Cell Maturation and Function

    • Stem cells are kept immature by stem cell factors, while others mature into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells.
    • Elevated reticulocyte counts are normal in infants at birth.
    • Platelet adhesion is the main function of platelets.

    Hemostasis and Coagulation

    • Vitamin K is important in the synthesis of clotting factors.
    • Thrombocytes (platelets) have a lifespan of 7-10 days.
    • The intrinsic pathway is activated by tissue injury inside the blood vessel.
    • Thrombin is an important prothrombotic during the development of the platelet plug.
    • Protein C plays a key role in hemostatic control.

    Disorders and Conditions

    • Polycythemia corresponds to an excessive production of RBCs, leading to thick blood.
    • Von Willebrand disease leads to a bleeding disorder.
    • Essential thrombocythemia is characterized by a high platelet count, often occurring with inflammatory disease.

    Innate Immune System

    • The innate immune system provides immediate defense against infection and injury.
    • Neutrophils and macrophages are part of the innate immune system.
    • Nitric oxide plays a main role in platelet function.

    Immune Response and Function

    • Erythropoietin stimulates RBC production.
    • Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow.
    • Neutrophils and macrophages are responsible for the inflammatory response in tissues and mucus membranes.

    Immune System Function and Cells

    • The adaptive immune system involves B and T cells, antibodies, and is more specific.
    • The complement system is involved in the innate immune response.
    • Platelets and the coagulation system are essential for blood clotting.
    • The bradykinin system causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, and leukocyte chemotaxis.

    HIV and Immune System

    • HIV primarily affects T helper cells.
    • HIV stores genetic material on two copies of RNA instead of dsDNA.
    • The primary route of transmission for bloodborne pathogens like HIV is through bodily fluids.

    Allergic Reactions and Hypersensitivity

    • Allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis are triggered by an immune response to allergens.
    • IgE-mediated anaphylaxis is a type of hypersensitivity reaction.
    • Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by excessive thyroid activity.

    Microorganisms and Infections

    • Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after a Streptococcus pyogenes throat infection.
    • Endotoxins are released during the lysis of Gram-negative bacteria.
    • Exotoxins are released during the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.

    Immune Response and Infections

    • The primary effect of histamine binding to H1 receptors during allergic reactions is increased permeability and smooth muscle contraction.
    • The primary effect of the adaptive immune response is the production of antibodies.
    • The hallmark of infection is the occurrence of initial mild symptoms with feelings of discomfort and tiredness.

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    Description

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