Innate Immunity and Natural Barriers Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and/or spleen of the fetus called?

Hematopoiesis (correct)

Maturation

Mitosis

Erythropoiesis

What are the two stages involved in blood cell production?

Proliferation and Differentiation (correct)

Hematopoiesis and Maturation

Mitosis and Erythropoiesis

Stem cells differentiation and Hematopoiesis

What keeps some cells as stem cells and drives the maturation of others into myeloid/lymphoid progenitor cells?

Hematopoietic stem cells (correct)

Erythropoietin

Mitosis

Differentiation

What is normal to see elevated in infants at birth?

WBC & RBC counts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of platelet adhesion?

Assist in forming a platelet plug Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is important in the synthesis of clotting factors?

Vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of thrombocytes (platelets)?

9-12 days Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is activated by tissue injury INSIDE the blood vessel?

Intrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical mediator is an important prothrombotic during the development of the platelet plug?

Thromboxane A2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Protein C in hemostatic control?

Inactivate excessive thrombin Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by too many RBCs leading to thick blood?

Polycythemia Vera Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the innate immune system?

Recognizing self from non-self Signup and view all the answers

Von Willebrand disease leads to what condition?

Increased tendency to bleed Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of Nitric oxide in platelet function?

Preventing excessive clotting Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is activated by tissue injury OUTSIDE the blood vessel?

Extrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is part of the innate immune system?

Natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of erythropoietin?

Promotes red blood cell production Signup and view all the answers

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Stem cell and bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for the inflammatory response in tissues and mucus membranes?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What does a high reticulocyte count indicate?

New RBCs are being made Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of hemoglobin in adults?

$13-16$ gm/dL Signup and view all the answers

Which protein transports iron in the blood?

Transferrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thrombin in the clotting cascade?

Breaks down fibrinogen into fibrin Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by high platelet count and occurs with inflammatory disease?

Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) Signup and view all the answers

What happens in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

Unregulated release of thrombin with fibrin formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium in platelet function?

Stimulates platelet aggregation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to erythrocytes in Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency?

Increased damage and death of RBCs Signup and view all the answers

What does TIBC measure?

Iron binding capacity of transferrin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves B and T cells, antibodies, and is more specific?

Acquired immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the complement system in the innate immune response?

Enhance the ability of antibodies to clear microbes Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are important for the primary function of the coagulation (clotting) system?

Platelets Signup and view all the answers

Which plasma protein system causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, and leukocyte chemotaxis?

Kinin system Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of mast cell degranulation in the inflammatory response?

Vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response involves immunoglobulins and lymphocytes?

Humoral immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which glycoproteins present foreign antigens to T helper cells?

MHC II Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are important for directly killing foreign or abnormal cells in cellular mediated immunity?

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of T regulatory cells?

Regulate immune response and avoid attacking self Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in producing memory cells?

B lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of haptens?

Induce immune response but can function as carriers Signup and view all the answers

Where does the production, proliferation, and differentiation of B lymphocytes occur?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which type of virus stores genetic material on two copies of RNA instead of the usual dsDNA?

HIV-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pathogenic effect of HIV virus on the immune system?

Depletion of T helper cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for bloodborne pathogens like HIV?

Maternal-child transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism allows HIV to bypass the immune system?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic pathophysiology of HIV and the cell types involved?

High viral load and decreased CD4 Signup and view all the answers

In allergic rhinitis, what triggers the immune response causing rhinitis and conjunctivitis?

Airborne allergens Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE-mediated anaphylaxis?

Type I Signup and view all the answers

What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by excessive thyroid activity due to antibodies binding to TSH receptor?

Graves' disease Signup and view all the answers

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after a throat infection caused by which microorganism?

Streptococcus pyogenes Signup and view all the answers

In Type III hypersensitivity reactions, where are the immune complexes formed before being deposited into vessel walls or tissues?

In circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of histamine binding to H1 receptors during allergic reactions?

Bronchial constriction and edema Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is particularly vulnerable in children due to passive maternal antibodies?

Central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells contain granules with enzymes that destroy microorganisms?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are capable of amoeboid movement and phagocytosis, and release cytokines and leukotrienes that augment the inflammatory response?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are the main cells of the immune system, including mature B, T, and plasma cells?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which cells provide the main line of defense against bacteria in the bloodstream?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

What type of response involves B-cell differentiation and the production of IgM?

Primary response Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of clinical infectious diseases involves the occurrence of initial mild symptoms with feelings of discomfort and tiredness?

Prodromal Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of infection according to the text?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria contains endotoxins that are released during lysis of bacteria?

Gram-negative bacteria Signup and view all the answers

"Exotoxins" are released during the growth of which type of bacteria?

Gram-positive bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Cell Production and Development

Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and/or spleen of the fetus.
Blood cell production involves two stages:
- Production of stem cells and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells
- Maturation of progenitor cells into specific blood cells (e.g., RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

Blood Cell Maturation and Function

Stem cells are kept immature by stem cell factors, while others mature into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells.
Elevated reticulocyte counts are normal in infants at birth.
Platelet adhesion is the main function of platelets.

Hemostasis and Coagulation

Vitamin K is important in the synthesis of clotting factors.
Thrombocytes (platelets) have a lifespan of 7-10 days.
The intrinsic pathway is activated by tissue injury inside the blood vessel.
Thrombin is an important prothrombotic during the development of the platelet plug.
Protein C plays a key role in hemostatic control.

Disorders and Conditions

Polycythemia corresponds to an excessive production of RBCs, leading to thick blood.
Von Willebrand disease leads to a bleeding disorder.
Essential thrombocythemia is characterized by a high platelet count, often occurring with inflammatory disease.

Innate Immune System

The innate immune system provides immediate defense against infection and injury.
Neutrophils and macrophages are part of the innate immune system.
Nitric oxide plays a main role in platelet function.

Immune Response and Function

Erythropoietin stimulates RBC production.
Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow.
Neutrophils and macrophages are responsible for the inflammatory response in tissues and mucus membranes.

Immune System Function and Cells

The adaptive immune system involves B and T cells, antibodies, and is more specific.
The complement system is involved in the innate immune response.
Platelets and the coagulation system are essential for blood clotting.
The bradykinin system causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, and leukocyte chemotaxis.

HIV and Immune System

HIV primarily affects T helper cells.
HIV stores genetic material on two copies of RNA instead of dsDNA.
The primary route of transmission for bloodborne pathogens like HIV is through bodily fluids.

Allergic Reactions and Hypersensitivity

Allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis are triggered by an immune response to allergens.
IgE-mediated anaphylaxis is a type of hypersensitivity reaction.
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by excessive thyroid activity.

Microorganisms and Infections

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after a Streptococcus pyogenes throat infection.
Endotoxins are released during the lysis of Gram-negative bacteria.
Exotoxins are released during the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.

Immune Response and Infections

The primary effect of histamine binding to H1 receptors during allergic reactions is increased permeability and smooth muscle contraction.
The primary effect of the adaptive immune response is the production of antibodies.
The hallmark of infection is the occurrence of initial mild symptoms with feelings of discomfort and tiredness.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the innate immunity and natural barriers of the human body, including skin, mucous membranes, biochemical barriers, antimicrobial peptides, and various cells and molecules involved in the immune response.