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Questions and Answers
What is the process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and/or spleen of the fetus called?
What is the process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and/or spleen of the fetus called?
- Hematopoiesis (correct)
- Maturation
- Mitosis
- Erythropoiesis
What are the two stages involved in blood cell production?
What are the two stages involved in blood cell production?
- Proliferation and Differentiation (correct)
- Hematopoiesis and Maturation
- Mitosis and Erythropoiesis
- Stem cells differentiation and Hematopoiesis
What keeps some cells as stem cells and drives the maturation of others into myeloid/lymphoid progenitor cells?
What keeps some cells as stem cells and drives the maturation of others into myeloid/lymphoid progenitor cells?
- Hematopoietic stem cells (correct)
- Erythropoietin
- Mitosis
- Differentiation
What is normal to see elevated in infants at birth?
What is normal to see elevated in infants at birth?
What is the main function of platelet adhesion?
What is the main function of platelet adhesion?
Which vitamin is important in the synthesis of clotting factors?
Which vitamin is important in the synthesis of clotting factors?
What is the lifespan of thrombocytes (platelets)?
What is the lifespan of thrombocytes (platelets)?
Which pathway is activated by tissue injury INSIDE the blood vessel?
Which pathway is activated by tissue injury INSIDE the blood vessel?
Which chemical mediator is an important prothrombotic during the development of the platelet plug?
Which chemical mediator is an important prothrombotic during the development of the platelet plug?
What is the main function of Protein C in hemostatic control?
What is the main function of Protein C in hemostatic control?
Which disorder is characterized by too many RBCs leading to thick blood?
Which disorder is characterized by too many RBCs leading to thick blood?
What is the main function of the innate immune system?
What is the main function of the innate immune system?
Von Willebrand disease leads to what condition?
Von Willebrand disease leads to what condition?
What is the main role of Nitric oxide in platelet function?
What is the main role of Nitric oxide in platelet function?
Which pathway is activated by tissue injury OUTSIDE the blood vessel?
Which pathway is activated by tissue injury OUTSIDE the blood vessel?
Which cell type is part of the innate immune system?
Which cell type is part of the innate immune system?
What is the function of erythropoietin?
What is the function of erythropoietin?
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Which cells are responsible for the inflammatory response in tissues and mucus membranes?
Which cells are responsible for the inflammatory response in tissues and mucus membranes?
What does a high reticulocyte count indicate?
What does a high reticulocyte count indicate?
What is the normal range of hemoglobin in adults?
What is the normal range of hemoglobin in adults?
Which protein transports iron in the blood?
Which protein transports iron in the blood?
What is the role of thrombin in the clotting cascade?
What is the role of thrombin in the clotting cascade?
Which condition is characterized by high platelet count and occurs with inflammatory disease?
Which condition is characterized by high platelet count and occurs with inflammatory disease?
What happens in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
What happens in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
What is the role of calcium in platelet function?
What is the role of calcium in platelet function?
What happens to erythrocytes in Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency?
What happens to erythrocytes in Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency?
What does TIBC measure?
What does TIBC measure?
Which type of immunity involves B and T cells, antibodies, and is more specific?
Which type of immunity involves B and T cells, antibodies, and is more specific?
What is the primary function of the complement system in the innate immune response?
What is the primary function of the complement system in the innate immune response?
Which cells are important for the primary function of the coagulation (clotting) system?
Which cells are important for the primary function of the coagulation (clotting) system?
Which plasma protein system causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, and leukocyte chemotaxis?
Which plasma protein system causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, and leukocyte chemotaxis?
What is the main effect of mast cell degranulation in the inflammatory response?
What is the main effect of mast cell degranulation in the inflammatory response?
What type of immune response involves immunoglobulins and lymphocytes?
What type of immune response involves immunoglobulins and lymphocytes?
Which glycoproteins present foreign antigens to T helper cells?
Which glycoproteins present foreign antigens to T helper cells?
Which cells are important for directly killing foreign or abnormal cells in cellular mediated immunity?
Which cells are important for directly killing foreign or abnormal cells in cellular mediated immunity?
What is the main function of T regulatory cells?
What is the main function of T regulatory cells?
Which cells are involved in producing memory cells?
Which cells are involved in producing memory cells?
What is the main function of haptens?
What is the main function of haptens?
Where does the production, proliferation, and differentiation of B lymphocytes occur?
Where does the production, proliferation, and differentiation of B lymphocytes occur?
Which type of virus stores genetic material on two copies of RNA instead of the usual dsDNA?
Which type of virus stores genetic material on two copies of RNA instead of the usual dsDNA?
What is the primary pathogenic effect of HIV virus on the immune system?
What is the primary pathogenic effect of HIV virus on the immune system?
What is the primary route of transmission for bloodborne pathogens like HIV?
What is the primary route of transmission for bloodborne pathogens like HIV?
Which mechanism allows HIV to bypass the immune system?
Which mechanism allows HIV to bypass the immune system?
What is the basic pathophysiology of HIV and the cell types involved?
What is the basic pathophysiology of HIV and the cell types involved?
In allergic rhinitis, what triggers the immune response causing rhinitis and conjunctivitis?
In allergic rhinitis, what triggers the immune response causing rhinitis and conjunctivitis?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE-mediated anaphylaxis?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE-mediated anaphylaxis?
What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by excessive thyroid activity due to antibodies binding to TSH receptor?
What is the autoimmune disorder characterized by excessive thyroid activity due to antibodies binding to TSH receptor?
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after a throat infection caused by which microorganism?
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after a throat infection caused by which microorganism?
In Type III hypersensitivity reactions, where are the immune complexes formed before being deposited into vessel walls or tissues?
In Type III hypersensitivity reactions, where are the immune complexes formed before being deposited into vessel walls or tissues?
What is the primary effect of histamine binding to H1 receptors during allergic reactions?
What is the primary effect of histamine binding to H1 receptors during allergic reactions?
Which organ system is particularly vulnerable in children due to passive maternal antibodies?
Which organ system is particularly vulnerable in children due to passive maternal antibodies?
Which type of cells contain granules with enzymes that destroy microorganisms?
Which type of cells contain granules with enzymes that destroy microorganisms?
Which cells are capable of amoeboid movement and phagocytosis, and release cytokines and leukotrienes that augment the inflammatory response?
Which cells are capable of amoeboid movement and phagocytosis, and release cytokines and leukotrienes that augment the inflammatory response?
Which type of cells are the main cells of the immune system, including mature B, T, and plasma cells?
Which type of cells are the main cells of the immune system, including mature B, T, and plasma cells?
Which cells provide the main line of defense against bacteria in the bloodstream?
Which cells provide the main line of defense against bacteria in the bloodstream?
What type of response involves B-cell differentiation and the production of IgM?
What type of response involves B-cell differentiation and the production of IgM?
Which phase of clinical infectious diseases involves the occurrence of initial mild symptoms with feelings of discomfort and tiredness?
Which phase of clinical infectious diseases involves the occurrence of initial mild symptoms with feelings of discomfort and tiredness?
What is the hallmark of infection according to the text?
What is the hallmark of infection according to the text?
Which type of bacteria contains endotoxins that are released during lysis of bacteria?
Which type of bacteria contains endotoxins that are released during lysis of bacteria?
"Exotoxins" are released during the growth of which type of bacteria?
"Exotoxins" are released during the growth of which type of bacteria?
Study Notes
Blood Cell Production and Development
- Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and/or spleen of the fetus.
- Blood cell production involves two stages:
- Production of stem cells and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells
- Maturation of progenitor cells into specific blood cells (e.g., RBCs, WBCs, platelets)
Blood Cell Maturation and Function
- Stem cells are kept immature by stem cell factors, while others mature into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells.
- Elevated reticulocyte counts are normal in infants at birth.
- Platelet adhesion is the main function of platelets.
Hemostasis and Coagulation
- Vitamin K is important in the synthesis of clotting factors.
- Thrombocytes (platelets) have a lifespan of 7-10 days.
- The intrinsic pathway is activated by tissue injury inside the blood vessel.
- Thrombin is an important prothrombotic during the development of the platelet plug.
- Protein C plays a key role in hemostatic control.
Disorders and Conditions
- Polycythemia corresponds to an excessive production of RBCs, leading to thick blood.
- Von Willebrand disease leads to a bleeding disorder.
- Essential thrombocythemia is characterized by a high platelet count, often occurring with inflammatory disease.
Innate Immune System
- The innate immune system provides immediate defense against infection and injury.
- Neutrophils and macrophages are part of the innate immune system.
- Nitric oxide plays a main role in platelet function.
Immune Response and Function
- Erythropoietin stimulates RBC production.
- Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow.
- Neutrophils and macrophages are responsible for the inflammatory response in tissues and mucus membranes.
Immune System Function and Cells
- The adaptive immune system involves B and T cells, antibodies, and is more specific.
- The complement system is involved in the innate immune response.
- Platelets and the coagulation system are essential for blood clotting.
- The bradykinin system causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, and leukocyte chemotaxis.
HIV and Immune System
- HIV primarily affects T helper cells.
- HIV stores genetic material on two copies of RNA instead of dsDNA.
- The primary route of transmission for bloodborne pathogens like HIV is through bodily fluids.
Allergic Reactions and Hypersensitivity
- Allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis are triggered by an immune response to allergens.
- IgE-mediated anaphylaxis is a type of hypersensitivity reaction.
- Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by excessive thyroid activity.
Microorganisms and Infections
- Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after a Streptococcus pyogenes throat infection.
- Endotoxins are released during the lysis of Gram-negative bacteria.
- Exotoxins are released during the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.
Immune Response and Infections
- The primary effect of histamine binding to H1 receptors during allergic reactions is increased permeability and smooth muscle contraction.
- The primary effect of the adaptive immune response is the production of antibodies.
- The hallmark of infection is the occurrence of initial mild symptoms with feelings of discomfort and tiredness.
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Test your knowledge on the innate immunity and natural barriers of the human body, including skin, mucous membranes, biochemical barriers, antimicrobial peptides, and various cells and molecules involved in the immune response.
