NK Natural Killer Cells and Toll-Like Receptors Quiz

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What can trigger a non-specific inflammatory response resulting in the production of activated cytokines and organized granulomas?

Foreign materials/antigens (correct)

Activated TLR receptors

Complements

Antibodies

Which condition is commonly associated with recurrent bacterial infections and autoimmune disorders due to low IgA/IgG/IgM?

Selective IgA deficiency

Vruton’s agammaglobulinemia

HIV infection

Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) (correct)

What is the function of complements in the immune system?

Produce antibodies

Activate T cells

Eliminate granulomas

Boost immediate immune defense (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a common primary antibody deficiency?

HIV infection Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune deficiency may result from treatment interventions like immunosuppressive therapy and corticosteroids?

Secondary immune deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves low levels of IgA accompanied by recurrent respiratory tract infections in some individuals?

Selective IgA deficiency Signup and view all the answers

'Sticky coats' that assist in phagocytosis, opsonization, lysis of bacteria, and elimination of immune complexes are known as:

Complements Signup and view all the answers

'Failure of protein synthesis' can be observed in which group of diseases related to immunodeficiency?

Lymphoproliferative diseases like CLL/Myeloma/NHL Signup and view all the answers

Which type of response results when antigens trigger a non-specific inflammatory response leading to granuloma formation?

Cell-mediated response Signup and view all the answers

What role do foreign materials/antigens play in the activation of macrophages and T lymphocytes?

Activate a non-specific inflammatory response leading to granuloma formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Toll Like Receptors (TLRs)?

They respond to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of TLR dysfunction?

Immunodeficiency / autoimmunity Signup and view all the answers

How do TNF inhibitors work?

They block pro inflammatory cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of biologic drugs?

They block the body's own proteins Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of using biologic drugs?

The body creating antibodies against them and destroying them Signup and view all the answers

What type of transplant rejection occurs minutes to hours after transplantation?

Hyperacute rejection Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transplant rejection is mediated by CD4 and CD8 T cells?

Acute cellular rejection Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Pembrolizumab?

Anti PD1: activates T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transplant rejection is characterized by vasculitis and de novo antibody and complement fixation?

Acute vascular rejection Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathology of chronic allograft failure?

Fibrosis, Scarring Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is used by macrophages to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

Toll-like receptors Signup and view all the answers

What type of drugs are used to inhibit the activity of TNF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine?

TNF inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs are produced from living organisms or contain components of living organisms?

Biologic drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by the body's inability to fight off infections and diseases?

Immunodeficiency Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs or tissues?

Cellular immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transplant rejection is characterized by the presence of antibodies against the transplanted organ or tissue?

Hyperacute rejection Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transplant rejection is characterized by the infiltration of immune cells into the transplanted organ or tissue?

Acute rejection Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transplant rejection is characterized by the gradual loss of function of the transplanted organ or tissue over time?

Chronic rejection Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is responsible for the production of antibodies against specific pathogens?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is responsible for the activation of memory B and T cells upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely underlying condition in this patient?

Sjogren's syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of Methotrexate treatment?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used to monitor treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis?

CRP measurements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of Anti TNF therapy?

Tuberculosis reactivation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment for Osteoarthritis?

Anti TNF therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of Methotrexate treatment?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis?

Paracetamol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of Anti TNF therapy?

Tuberculosis reactivation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment for Osteoarthritis?

Anti TNF therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Granulomas can also be caused by:

Foreign bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of granuloma formation?

Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of natural killer (NK) cells?

Produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Primary antibody deficiencies can lead to:

Increased susceptibility to infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of antibody deficiencies?

Recurrence of infections Signup and view all the answers

Complement system deficiencies can result in:

Impaired clearance of immune complexes Signup and view all the answers

'Sticky coats' that assist in phagocytosis and elimination of immune complexes are known as:

Opsonins Signup and view all the answers

'Failure to eliminate immune complexes' can be observed in individuals with:

Complement deficiencies Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible effect of impaired complement system function?

Reduced cell lysis Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the formation of organized granulomas?

T-cell mediated responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of NK cells in the immune system?

Recognition and killing of cells lacking MHC molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction leads to the formation of granulomas?

Type IV Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of primary antibody deficiencies?

Frequent bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system plays a crucial role in opsonization, lysis of bacteria, and elimination of immune complexes?

Complement system Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by low levels of IgA and frequent respiratory tract infections?

Selective IgA deficiency Signup and view all the answers

In the immune system, what role do granulomas play?

Serving as sites of chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of deficiencies in the complement system?

Susceptibility to bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

How do primary antibody deficiencies differ from secondary antibody deficiencies?

Primary deficiencies are congenital, while secondary deficiencies are acquired. Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells play a crucial role in eradicating cancer cells without the need for antigen specificity?

NK Cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which NK cells recognize their target cells?

Presence of MHC molecules on target cells Signup and view all the answers

What triggers a non-specific inflammatory response resulting in the activation of macrophages and T lymphocytes, ultimately leading to granuloma formation?

Foreign materials/antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is commonly associated with recurrent bacterial infections and autoimmune disorders due to low levels of IgA/IgG/IgM?

Primary Antibody deficiency - CVID Signup and view all the answers

What is an organised collection of activated macrophages and lymphocytes that form in response to foreign materials/antigens triggering an inflammatory response?

Granuloma Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins act as 'sticky coats' that boost immediate immune defense by assisting in phagocytosis, opsonization, and lysis of bacteria?

Complements Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibody deficiency presents with low levels of IgA and IgG, often causing recurrent respiratory tract infections?

Selective IgA deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by failure of protein synthesis seen in lymphoproliferative diseases like CLL, Myeloma, and NHL?

Granuloma formation Signup and view all the answers

In what process do foreign materials/antigens stimulate the production of activated cytokines leading to the formation of organized granulomas?

Inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

'Protein losing enteropathy' and 'Nephrotic syndrome' are associated with which type of condition related to immunodeficiency?

'Primary Antibody deficiency - CVID' Signup and view all the answers

Which component acts as 'sticky coats' that assist in various immune defense mechanisms such as phagocytosis and opsonization?

Complements Signup and view all the answers

What condition involves low levels of IgA, recurrent infections, and autoimmune disorders?

Common variable immunodeficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for the formation of granulomas?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system is involved in opsonization, lysis of bacteria, and elimination of immune complexes?

Complements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primary antibody deficiencies?

Granuloma formation Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cell type is involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

Natural killer (NK) cells Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is the formation of activated cytokines and organized granulomas triggered by non-specific inflammatory responses?

Common variable immunodeficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is used by macrophages to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) Signup and view all the answers

What can be a common feature in patients with primary antibody deficiencies?

Susceptibility to recurrent infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with the presence of granulomas?

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccines require multiple doses due to the lack of clonal expansion of B and T cells?

Fragmented vaccines Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccines are considered fragile and may be dangerous for immunocompromised individuals?

Live attenuated vaccines Signup and view all the answers

Why might booster shots be needed for whole cell vaccines such as Polio and Cholera?

To stimulate clonal expansion of B and T cells Signup and view all the answers

What makes RNA Vaccines / DNA Vaccines potent and easy to make?

Their ability to target mutated proteins found in cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccines elicit a localized and strong immune response with just one dose?

Live attenuated vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of virus like particles vaccines such as those against papillomavirus?

Require only one dose for activation of immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines like the MMR jab?

They can be dangerous for immunocompromised individuals Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the non-specific inflammatory response that leads to the formation of organized granulomas?

Foreign materials/antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections and autoimmune disorders due to low levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM?

Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system acts as 'sticky coats' to boost immediate immune defense by assisting in phagocytosis, opsonization, lysis of bacteria, and elimination of immune complexes?

Complement proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of primary antibody deficiencies?

Recurrent bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells play a crucial role in eradicating cancer cells without the need for antigen specificity?

Natural killer (NK) cells Signup and view all the answers

What is an organized collection of activated macrophages and lymphocytes formed in response to foreign materials or antigens triggering a non-specific inflammatory response?

Granuloma Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of complement deficiency in terms of susceptibility to infections?

Vulnerability to bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response can lead to the formation of organized granulomas in response to foreign materials or antigens?

Cell-mediated immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by low levels of IgA and IgG, often resulting in recurrent respiratory tract infections?

Common variable immunodeficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the immune system acts as 'sticky coats' to enhance phagocytosis and opsonization of pathogens?

Complement proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is used by macrophages to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) for initiating immune responses?

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Signup and view all the answers

In individuals with primary antibody deficiencies, what is a common characteristic regarding the levels of immunoglobulins?

Low levels of IgG and IgM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

Direct killing of infected or abnormal cells Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is responsible for the recognition of target cells by Natural Killer (NK) cells?

Detection of stress-induced ligands on target cells Signup and view all the answers

In which type of transplant rejection do antibodies against the transplanted organ or tissue play a key role?

Antibody-mediated rejection Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is responsible for the formation of granulomas in non-specific inflammatory responses triggered by foreign materials or antigens?

Cell-mediated immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cell type is primarily involved in the formation of granulomas?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with low IgA levels and frequent respiratory tract infections?

Selective IgA deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of antibody deficiencies?

Increased risk of infections Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction leads to the formation of granulomas?

Type IV hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of natural killer (NK) cells?

Develop long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of Anti TNF therapy?

Increased risk of infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primary antibody deficiencies?

TNF inhibitor blockage Signup and view all the answers

NK Natural Killer Cells and Toll-Like Receptors Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What can trigger a non-specific inflammatory response resulting in the production of activated cytokines and organized granulomas?

Which condition is commonly associated with recurrent bacterial infections and autoimmune disorders due to low IgA/IgG/IgM?

What is the function of complements in the immune system?

Which of the following is NOT a common primary antibody deficiency?

What type of immune deficiency may result from treatment interventions like immunosuppressive therapy and corticosteroids?

Which condition involves low levels of IgA accompanied by recurrent respiratory tract infections in some individuals?

'Sticky coats' that assist in phagocytosis, opsonization, lysis of bacteria, and elimination of immune complexes are known as:

'Failure of protein synthesis' can be observed in which group of diseases related to immunodeficiency?

Which type of response results when antigens trigger a non-specific inflammatory response leading to granuloma formation?

What role do foreign materials/antigens play in the activation of macrophages and T lymphocytes?

Which of the following is a characteristic of Toll Like Receptors (TLRs)?

What is the consequence of TLR dysfunction?

How do TNF inhibitors work?

What is the function of biologic drugs?

What can be a consequence of using biologic drugs?

What type of transplant rejection occurs minutes to hours after transplantation?

Which type of transplant rejection is mediated by CD4 and CD8 T cells?

What is the mechanism of action of Pembrolizumab?

Which type of transplant rejection is characterized by vasculitis and de novo antibody and complement fixation?

What is the pathology of chronic allograft failure?

Which type of receptor is used by macrophages to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

What type of drugs are used to inhibit the activity of TNF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine?

Which type of drugs are produced from living organisms or contain components of living organisms?

What is the condition characterized by the body's inability to fight off infections and diseases?

What type of immune response is responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs or tissues?

Which type of transplant rejection is characterized by the presence of antibodies against the transplanted organ or tissue?

Which type of transplant rejection is characterized by the infiltration of immune cells into the transplanted organ or tissue?

Which type of transplant rejection is characterized by the gradual loss of function of the transplanted organ or tissue over time?

Which type of immunity is responsible for the production of antibodies against specific pathogens?

Which type of immunity is responsible for the activation of memory B and T cells upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen?

What is the most likely underlying condition in this patient?

Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect of Methotrexate treatment?

Which of the following is used to monitor treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis?

Which of the following is a potential complication of Anti TNF therapy?

Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment for Osteoarthritis?

Which of the following is a potential side effect of Methotrexate treatment?

Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis?

Which of the following is a potential side effect of Anti TNF therapy?

Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment for Osteoarthritis?

Which of the following is a potential treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis?

Granulomas can also be caused by:

What is a potential cause of granuloma formation?

Which of the following is not a characteristic of natural killer (NK) cells?

Primary antibody deficiencies can lead to:

Which of the following is a potential consequence of antibody deficiencies?

Complement system deficiencies can result in:

'Sticky coats' that assist in phagocytosis and elimination of immune complexes are known as:

'Failure to eliminate immune complexes' can be observed in individuals with:

What is a possible effect of impaired complement system function?

What contributes to the formation of organized granulomas?

What is the main function of NK cells in the immune system?

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction leads to the formation of granulomas?

What is a common characteristic of primary antibody deficiencies?

Which component of the immune system plays a crucial role in opsonization, lysis of bacteria, and elimination of immune complexes?

Which condition is characterized by low levels of IgA and frequent respiratory tract infections?

In the immune system, what role do granulomas play?

What is the consequence of deficiencies in the complement system?

How do primary antibody deficiencies differ from secondary antibody deficiencies?

Which immune cells play a crucial role in eradicating cancer cells without the need for antigen specificity?

What is the primary mechanism through which NK cells recognize their target cells?

What triggers a non-specific inflammatory response resulting in the activation of macrophages and T lymphocytes, ultimately leading to granuloma formation?

Which condition is commonly associated with recurrent bacterial infections and autoimmune disorders due to low levels of IgA/IgG/IgM?

What is an organised collection of activated macrophages and lymphocytes that form in response to foreign materials/antigens triggering an inflammatory response?

Which proteins act as 'sticky coats' that boost immediate immune defense by assisting in phagocytosis, opsonization, and lysis of bacteria?

What type of antibody deficiency presents with low levels of IgA and IgG, often causing recurrent respiratory tract infections?

Which condition is characterized by failure of protein synthesis seen in lymphoproliferative diseases like CLL, Myeloma, and NHL?

In what process do foreign materials/antigens stimulate the production of activated cytokines leading to the formation of organized granulomas?

'Protein losing enteropathy' and 'Nephrotic syndrome' are associated with which type of condition related to immunodeficiency?

Which component acts as 'sticky coats' that assist in various immune defense mechanisms such as phagocytosis and opsonization?

What condition involves low levels of IgA, recurrent infections, and autoimmune disorders?

Which cell type is primarily responsible for the formation of granulomas?

Which component of the immune system is involved in opsonization, lysis of bacteria, and elimination of immune complexes?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primary antibody deficiencies?

Which immune cell type is involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

In which condition is the formation of activated cytokines and organized granulomas triggered by non-specific inflammatory responses?

Which type of receptor is used by macrophages to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

What can be a common feature in patients with primary antibody deficiencies?