Innate Immune Responses and Interferon Proteins
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Questions and Answers

What is viral tropism?

  • The process of viral immune evasion
  • The overall immune response to a virus
  • The ability of a virus to enter and replicate within specific cell types or tissues (correct)
  • The amount of virus present in the blood plasma

    • What is persistent infection?

  • The process of viral immune evasion
  • The amount of virus present in the blood plasma
  • The overall immune response to a virus
  • An infection that the host is unable to clear, usually following an acute stage (correct)

    • What are defense mechanisms to viral infections?

  • The process of viral immune evasion
  • Physical and chemical barriers as well as symbiotic barriers that act as the innate defense against viral infections (correct)
  • The overall immune response to a virus
  • The amount of virus present in the blood plasma

    • What are methods used to determine viral virulence?

    <p>Mean time to death or symptom appearance, virulence in animal models, changes in blood parameters, or histological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of APOBEC proteins induced by RSV infection?

    <p>Enhance virus evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immature dendritic cells at the site of infection?

    <p>Become mature and patrol tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of T1 cells?

    <p>Produce IL-2, IL-12, TNF-a, and IFN-gamma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between persistent infection and latent infection?

    <p>Persistent infection is actively replicating the virus, while latent infection is not replicating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of viroceptors?

    <p>Sequester host-derived cytokines and chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of viral pathogenesis and immunity about?

    <p>How viruses cause disease and the immune response to viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the conditions required for a successful viral infection?

    <p>Contact with a susceptible host, exposure to sufficient viral inoculum, and successful attachment and entry into target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is virus inoculum?

    <p>The number of virions that enter the body during an infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a latent infection?

    <p>Presence of a dormant viral genome and potential to reactivate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an acute infection?

    <p>Self-limiting infection with rapid onset and resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antiviral defenses?

    <p>To limit disease by controlling or clearing the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of indirect cell functions/characteristics caused by a viral infection?

    <p>$Cell transformation or oncogenesis$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process through which healthy cells become transformed into cancer cells as a result of a viral infection called?

    <p>$Oncogenesis$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the imbalance between factors that promote disease and those that guard against it known as?

    <p>$Disease$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristic signs of a symptomatic viral infection?

    <p>Fever, malaise, and aches due to pro-inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of disease can symptoms linger and wane?

    <p>Convalescence phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOI (Multiplicity of Infection) of a virus?

    <p>The number of infectious viral particles added per target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do persistent infections differ from recurrent infections?

    <p>Persistent infections involve continuous or intermittent pathogen multiplication, while recurrent infections occur after periods of latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vertically transmitted viruses?

    <p>Viruses passed from a pregnant mother to her fetus or newborn during childbirth or through breast milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the structural characteristics of viruses allow them to resist adverse conditions?

    <p>By having an outer protective capsid that shields them from unfavorable environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the general properties of a virus that make it toxic and pathogenic?

    <p>Membrane and accessory proteins known to trigger cell destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adaptive immune response in combating viral infections?

    <p>It targets specific viral pathogens and works to eliminate them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for genital transmission of viruses?

    <p>Transmitted through sexual contact or contact with infected genital secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is polarized cells in the context of virology?

    <p>Cells with structural and functional asymmetries, such as neurons and muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is syncytia formation in the context of virology?

    <p>Process of cell-to-cell membrane fusion, leading to the formation of multinucleated giant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are naked viruses in the context of virology?

    <p>Viruses that do not have an envelope and cause disease by destroying infected tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a virus like Rhinovirus cause the common cold?

    <p>It elicits a strong host immune response, which leads to increased inflammation and respiratory symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the morphological changes to a cell caused by a viral infection?

    <p>Cytopathic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the decrease in virulence or ability to cause harm in a virus due to mutations in the viral genome?

    <p>Virus restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor guards against disease by providing a barrier to viral infection through examples such as skin, mucous membranes, and body secretions?

    <p>Physicochemical barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can all viral infections lead to disease?

    <p>No, not all viral infections result in disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of viral diseases involves the replication of viruses in target tissues?

    <p>Replication in target tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of progression can some infections go undetected?

    <p>Asymptomatic or subclinical infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of cyclic viral infections?

    <p>Urogenital herpes and Varicella and zoster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that serves as a carrier for a virus, providing safe transit and potentially amplifying the virus's numbers?

    <p>Vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do inclusion bodies refer to in the context of viral infections?

    <p>Viral particles in the nucleus of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses like RSV and influenza cause respiratory diseases?

    <p>By triggering inflammatory responses leading to tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bone marrow suppression?

    <p>A decrease in the production of blood cells due to virus-induced cell death or altered immune activity within the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fusion sessions?

    <p>To encourage preparation, attendance, and participation through learning content completion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which mutations are naturally introduced in viruses, such as RNA viruses?

    <p>Antigenic Shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells recognize viral infections?

    <p>Through TLR3 and RLRs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site through which a virus enters the host's body?

    <p>Gastrointestinal Transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of spread of viruses through ingestion of contaminated food or water?

    <p>Gastrointestinal Transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway can lead to IFN-α/ß-mediated apoptosis in infected cells?

    <p>$2’-5’-oligo(A) synthetase/RNase L pathways$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathogenic effects are caused by the virus itself?

    <p>Direct/viral damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strategy used by some viruses to inhibit NK cell response?

    <p>$dsRNA binding proteins$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the restrictive barrier that limits access to the central nervous system?

    <p>$Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event leads to the accidental incorporation of a segment from one virus strain into another?

    <p>$Antigenic Shift$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What produces inhibitory fatty acids and RNases that can be harmful to viruses?

    <p>$Skin and mucosa$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Herpetic Lesions' are skin lesions caused by which type of viruses?

    <p>$Herpetic Lesions$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathogen can cause cell lysis as well as persistent infections?

    <p>$Hepatitis B$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of MHC-I- and MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation?

    <p>Virus degradation and upregulation of MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ID50?

    <p>Measure of the number of particles required to cause symptoms in 50% of hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some inflammatory mediators responsible for the signs and symptoms of a viral infection?

    <p>IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one explanation for why one identical twin might overcome a viral flavivirus while the other does not?

    <p>Nutritional status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interferon λ in the immune response?

    <p>Response to ssRNA viruses and TLR7/TLR8-responsive viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does IFN-α/ß stimulate apoptosis?

    <p>By increasing the cellular concentration of inactive PKR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of macrophages recognizing the virus?

    <p>Secretion of IL-12 and TNF-a for immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pathogenic effects of erythrovirus (Parvovirus B19)?

    <p>Bone marrow suppression leading to disorders like aplastic crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gene products that are toxic?

    <p>Virus gene products that cause cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one strategy used by viruses to block the TAP transporter and inhibit MHC molecule synthesis?

    <p>Inhibition of antigen processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of commensal or mutualistic microorganisms in viral infections?

    <p>Interfering with viral infections by modifying pH levels or producing microbial inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are permissive cells in the context of viral infections?

    <p>Cells that are able to support the entire viral replication cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of deterioration of factors guarding against disease?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to infection and exacerbation of existing disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the steady state of viral load within a few weeks or months after infection called?

    <p>Viral Set Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common strategy used by viruses to achieve high yields?

    <p>High replication rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between acute and cyclic viral infections?

    <p>Acute infections involve rapid clearance by the immune system, while cyclic infections involve latent periods and potential for recurring disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are essential genes in the context of virology?

    <p>Genes absolutely necessary for virus replication and survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spread of viruses through inhalation of respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated surfaces referred to as?

    <p>Respiratory Transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long-term presence of a virus in the body referred to as?

    <p>Persistent Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are non-essential genes in virology?

    <p>Genes that are not necessary for virus survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do permissive cells do in the context of viral infections?

    <p>Support viral replication and production of progeny virions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a virus must gain access to a host, infect susceptible cells, and evade antiviral defenses in order to cause disease known as?

    <p>Overcoming Host Defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

    <p>Recognizing and eliminating infected or abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tissue tropism in the context of viral infections?

    <p>The tendency of certain viruses to selectively infect certain tissues or organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a cell recognizes it is infected?

    <p>The cell responds by expressing type I interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigen presentation in the context of the immune system?

    <p>The process where a pathogen is recognized by phagocytic cells, then activated to engage naive lymphocytes into a T1 response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are escape mutants in the context of viral infections?

    <p>Viruses that modify their antigenic surface to evade the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines quasispecies in the context of virology?

    <p>A collection of similar viruses within a single host that arise from replication errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interferon responses (stress responses) are particularly important as an initial means of viral containment?

    <p>Type I interferons (IFN-α &amp; IFN-ß) and type III interferons (IFN-λ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PKR in the cell?

    <p>Inhibiting protein synthesis leading to apoptosis upon type I IFN stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is APOBEC in the context of virology?

    <p>Viral proteins that impede virus replication at various stages of the cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are virokines in the context of virology?

    <p>Viral proteins that serve as homologs of host cytokines and chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens upon type I IFN stimulation in a cell?

    <p>The cellular concentration of inactive PKR increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

    <p>Recognizing and eliminating infected or abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of antigen presentation?

    <p>Recognition of pathogens by phagocytic cells and activation to engage naive lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a cell recognizes it is infected?

    <p>The cell expresses type I interferons and their receptor for activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PKR in the cell?

    <p>Activating translation initiation factor eIF2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are virokines in the context of viral infections?

    <p>Viral proteins that dampen the host's T1 response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antigenic variation in virology?

    <p>The process by which viruses evade host immune responses through mutations in the genes responsible for encoding antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MICA and MICB in viral infections?

    <p>Recognized by some CD8 T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are escape mutants in virology?

    <p>Viruses that modify their antigenic surface to evade the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is quasispecies in virology?

    <p>A collection of similar viruses within a single host arising from replication errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tissue tropism in virology?

    <p>The tendency of viruses to infect various tissues or organs within the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by stress response in the context of virology?

    <p>A mechanism triggered by viral infections or cellular stress leading to interferon production</p> Signup and view all the answers

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