55 Questions
What is the primary reason for the rejection of transplanted tissue?
Alloantigens
Which molecules are described as the most important alloantigens responsible for strong and rapid transplant rejection?
MHC molecules
Why do most alloantigens differ among individuals?
Codominance of polymorphic genes
How are host T cells (alloreactive T cells) described in relation to recognizing alloantigens?
They indirectly recognize alloantigens
What triggers the cellular and humoral immune responses in the recipient's immune system?
Alloantigens
What is the prime target of graft vasculature for alloreactive antibodies?
Endothelial cells
What is the primary role of the adaptive immune system in responding to transplanted tissue?
Attack grafted tissue
Which immune system plays a critical but not primary role in responding to grafts?
Innate immune system
In the direct pathway of alloreactive T cell activation, which cells present alloantigens directly to host T cells?
Donor dendritic cells
How do host and donor cells contribute to innate immune responses to grafts?
Directly kill donor cells
What is the main effector function engaged by alloreactive antibodies?
Complement activation
Which MHC molecules are most frequently recognized by alloantibodies?
Donor Class I MHC molecules
What initiates ischemic damage in grafts?
Reduced blood and oxygen supply
Which immune responses are discussed in relation to the initial reactions of the recipient's immune system to transplanted tissue?
Activation of alloreactive T cells
What is the process where host dendritic cells take up and process donor MHC molecules, presenting peptides to host T cells?
Indirect pathway
What is the primary focus of the lecture content on transplantation vocabulary?
Defining terms related to transplantation in the medical context
Which term describes tissues or organs transplanted between genetically different individuals of the same species?
Allogeneic Graft (Allograft)
What do allogeneic antigens refer to in the context of transplantation?
Molecules recognized as foreign in the allograft
How do host T cells recognize alloantigens through direct mechanisms?
By directly binding to specific molecules on the graft
What is the main outcome of molecules being recognized as foreign in an allograft?
Inducing an immune response in the recipient
What is the primary role of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in transplant rejection?
Directly killing graft tissue cells presenting alloantigens
How do CD4+ helper T cells contribute to tissue rejection in transplantation?
Inducing inflammation and cytokine production
Which effector mechanisms target the vasculature of transplanted tissue?
Alloantigen-specific antibodies
What is the consequence of damage to the graft vasculature in a transplant?
Compromised blood flow to the transplanted tissue
What is the main outcome of sensitization in transplantation immunology?
Proliferation of alloreactive T cells
What is the significance of MHC proteins in allorecognition?
They are the primary alloantigens recognized by host T cells.
How do effector CTLs contribute to graft rejection?
By recognizing and killing graft tissue cells presenting alloantigens.
What is the outcome of direct recognition of alloantigens by host T cells?
Activation of immune responses targeting and eliminating transplanted tissue.
Why does mismatch between donor and recipient MHC proteins increase the likelihood of graft rejection?
It increases the likelihood of alloreactive T cell responses, leading to graft rejection.
What role does direct presentation of alloantigens by donor dendritic cells to host T cells play in immunity?
It bypasses the need for antigen processing by host APCs.
What is the primary focus of transplantation immunology?
Understanding how the immune system responds to grafted tissues
What distinguishes fundamental questions from clinical/applied questions in transplantation immunology?
Fundamental questions focus on understanding immune responses.
In transplantation immunology, why is distinguishing between 'self' and 'foreign' important?
To improve transplant success rates
What area does clinical or applied questions in transplantation immunology primarily aim to address?
Preventing rejection and improving transplant success rates
How do host T cells recognize alloantigens in the context of transplantation?
Through direct and indirect mechanisms
What is the main goal of understanding how the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues?
To prevent graft rejection and improve transplant success
What role do alloreactive T cells play in recognizing alloantigens during transplantation?
Identifying alloantigens through direct and indirect mechanisms
Why is it important to understand recognition and rejection mechanisms in transplantation?
To control immune response and improve transplant success rates
What is the main target of alloreactive B cells activation in transplantation immunology?
Graft antigens
In transplantation immunology, which route involves donor dendritic cells presenting antigens directly to recipient T cells?
Direct Route
What is the primary role of recipient dendritic cells in the indirect pathway of alloantigen recognition?
Capture and process donor alloantigens
Endothelial cells expressing Class I MHC are a prime target for what mechanism in transplantation immunology?
Alloantibodies recognition
What is the key role of lymph nodes in the immune response in transplantation immunology?
Travel of APCs carrying antigens
Which mechanism do alloreactive antibodies engage through in response to allograft recognition?
Fc receptor-mediated pathways
In allograft rejection, what contributes significantly to the recognition of graft antigens?
Donor MHC molecules
What is the key difference between the direct and indirect pathways in transplantation immunology?
Source of APCs presenting antigens
What is the primary role of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in the rejection of transplanted tissue?
Attacking and killing graft tissue cells presenting alloantigens
What effector functions do CD8+ cytotoxic T cells primarily engage in?
Attacking and killing graft tissue cells presenting alloantigens
How do CD4+ helper T cells contribute to tissue damage in transplantation?
Inducing inflammation and cytokine production
Which immune cells are primarily involved in recruiting complement proteins and contributing to tissue damage?
Alloreactive B cells
What is the main target of alloantibodies in the context of transplant rejection?
Vasculature of the transplanted tissue
How do alloreactive B cells exacerbate tissue damage in transplant rejection?
Recruiting complement proteins and immune cells
Which cell type plays a crucial role in orchestrating an immune response against transplanted tissue?
CD4+ helper T cells
In transplantation, what is the primary function of alloreactive T cells?
Engaging in various effector functions
What is a significant consequence of damage to the vasculature of transplanted tissue?
Compromising blood flow to the transplanted tissue
Learn about the innate immune responses to grafts, including the role of ischemic damage, DAMPs, inflammation, and the subsequent activation of adaptive immune responses in the context of transplantation. Explore how understanding these processes is crucial for managing immune responses and improving transplant success rates.
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