lecture 26- immunology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for the rejection of transplanted tissue?

  • Inflammation
  • DAMPs
  • Alloantigens (correct)
  • Ischemic damage

    • Which molecules are described as the most important alloantigens responsible for strong and rapid transplant rejection?

  • Polymorphic genes
  • MHC molecules (correct)
  • DAMPs
  • Proteins

    • Why do most alloantigens differ among individuals?

  • Codominance of polymorphic genes (correct)
  • Due to ischemic damage
  • Because of DAMPs
  • Inflammatory response

    • How are host T cells (alloreactive T cells) described in relation to recognizing alloantigens?

    <p>They indirectly recognize alloantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the cellular and humoral immune responses in the recipient's immune system?

    <p>Alloantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prime target of graft vasculature for alloreactive antibodies?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the adaptive immune system in responding to transplanted tissue?

    <p>Attack grafted tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune system plays a critical but not primary role in responding to grafts?

    <p>Innate immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the direct pathway of alloreactive T cell activation, which cells present alloantigens directly to host T cells?

    <p>Donor dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do host and donor cells contribute to innate immune responses to grafts?

    <p>Directly kill donor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effector function engaged by alloreactive antibodies?

    <p>Complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which MHC molecules are most frequently recognized by alloantibodies?

    <p>Donor Class I MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates ischemic damage in grafts?

    <p>Reduced blood and oxygen supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune responses are discussed in relation to the initial reactions of the recipient's immune system to transplanted tissue?

    <p>Activation of alloreactive T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where host dendritic cells take up and process donor MHC molecules, presenting peptides to host T cells?

    <p>Indirect pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the lecture content on transplantation vocabulary?

    <p>Defining terms related to transplantation in the medical context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes tissues or organs transplanted between genetically different individuals of the same species?

    <p>Allogeneic Graft (Allograft)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do allogeneic antigens refer to in the context of transplantation?

    <p>Molecules recognized as foreign in the allograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do host T cells recognize alloantigens through direct mechanisms?

    <p>By directly binding to specific molecules on the graft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of molecules being recognized as foreign in an allograft?

    <p>Inducing an immune response in the recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in transplant rejection?

    <p>Directly killing graft tissue cells presenting alloantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do CD4+ helper T cells contribute to tissue rejection in transplantation?

    <p>Inducing inflammation and cytokine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effector mechanisms target the vasculature of transplanted tissue?

    <p>Alloantigen-specific antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of damage to the graft vasculature in a transplant?

    <p>Compromised blood flow to the transplanted tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of sensitization in transplantation immunology?

    <p>Proliferation of alloreactive T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of MHC proteins in allorecognition?

    <p>They are the primary alloantigens recognized by host T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do effector CTLs contribute to graft rejection?

    <p>By recognizing and killing graft tissue cells presenting alloantigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of direct recognition of alloantigens by host T cells?

    <p>Activation of immune responses targeting and eliminating transplanted tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does mismatch between donor and recipient MHC proteins increase the likelihood of graft rejection?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of alloreactive T cell responses, leading to graft rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does direct presentation of alloantigens by donor dendritic cells to host T cells play in immunity?

    <p>It bypasses the need for antigen processing by host APCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of transplantation immunology?

    <p>Understanding how the immune system responds to grafted tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fundamental questions from clinical/applied questions in transplantation immunology?

    <p>Fundamental questions focus on understanding immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In transplantation immunology, why is distinguishing between 'self' and 'foreign' important?

    <p>To improve transplant success rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area does clinical or applied questions in transplantation immunology primarily aim to address?

    <p>Preventing rejection and improving transplant success rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do host T cells recognize alloantigens in the context of transplantation?

    <p>Through direct and indirect mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of understanding how the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues?

    <p>To prevent graft rejection and improve transplant success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do alloreactive T cells play in recognizing alloantigens during transplantation?

    <p>Identifying alloantigens through direct and indirect mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand recognition and rejection mechanisms in transplantation?

    <p>To control immune response and improve transplant success rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target of alloreactive B cells activation in transplantation immunology?

    <p>Graft antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In transplantation immunology, which route involves donor dendritic cells presenting antigens directly to recipient T cells?

    <p>Direct Route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of recipient dendritic cells in the indirect pathway of alloantigen recognition?

    <p>Capture and process donor alloantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endothelial cells expressing Class I MHC are a prime target for what mechanism in transplantation immunology?

    <p>Alloantibodies recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of lymph nodes in the immune response in transplantation immunology?

    <p>Travel of APCs carrying antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism do alloreactive antibodies engage through in response to allograft recognition?

    <p>Fc receptor-mediated pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In allograft rejection, what contributes significantly to the recognition of graft antigens?

    <p>Donor MHC molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the direct and indirect pathways in transplantation immunology?

    <p>Source of APCs presenting antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in the rejection of transplanted tissue?

    <p>Attacking and killing graft tissue cells presenting alloantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effector functions do CD8+ cytotoxic T cells primarily engage in?

    <p>Attacking and killing graft tissue cells presenting alloantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do CD4+ helper T cells contribute to tissue damage in transplantation?

    <p>Inducing inflammation and cytokine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are primarily involved in recruiting complement proteins and contributing to tissue damage?

    <p>Alloreactive B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target of alloantibodies in the context of transplant rejection?

    <p>Vasculature of the transplanted tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do alloreactive B cells exacerbate tissue damage in transplant rejection?

    <p>Recruiting complement proteins and immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type plays a crucial role in orchestrating an immune response against transplanted tissue?

    <p>CD4+ helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In transplantation, what is the primary function of alloreactive T cells?

    <p>Engaging in various effector functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of damage to the vasculature of transplanted tissue?

    <p>Compromising blood flow to the transplanted tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

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