20 Questions
What is the role of Type II pneumocytes in the lungs?
They produce and secrete antimicrobial defensins.
Which specialized cells in the intestine produce antimicrobial proteins?
Paneth cells.
What is the role of commensal microorganisms in the body?
They live in symbiosis with the host.
What is the main function of cilia in the respiratory system?
To move a continuous stream of mucous outward.
Why are disruptions to the immune tolerance of food and microbiota antigens problematic?
They can lead to common diseases.
What is the role of defensins in the innate immune response?
Defensins have antimicrobial properties by directly killing microbes and activating cells involved in the inflammatory response.
How do defensins kill microbes?
Defensins kill microbes by disrupting their cell membranes through various mechanisms.
What is the function of lysozyme in the innate immune response?
Lysozyme digests the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
How do keratinocytes contribute to the innate immune defense in the epidermis of the skin?
Keratinocytes in the epidermis produce antimicrobial peptides like β-defensins and cathelicidins that are incorporated into lamellar bodies and secreted to form a waterproof lipid layer.
What are some key features of epithelial barriers in innate immune defenses?
Epithelial barriers provide physical and chemical defense mechanisms, such as producing antimicrobial chemicals and forming waterproof lipid layers with antimicrobial activity.
Describe the role of innate immune responses in relation to the overall immune response.
Innate immune responses serve as the first line of defense against pathogens, providing immediate protection before adaptive immunity kicks in.
What are the major features that differentiate innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is immediate, non-specific, and does not require prior exposure to the microbe, while adaptive immunity is specific, takes time to develop, and requires prior exposure.
Explain the significance of immediate innate immunity.
Immediate innate immunity provides rapid, non-specific defenses against pathogens without the need for prior exposure.
How does the innate immune system recognize antigens and what events follow the ligation of microbial elements?
The innate immune system recognizes antigens through pattern recognition receptors and triggers inflammatory responses, phagocytosis, and activation of other immune cells upon ligation of microbial elements.
Discuss the role of epithelial barriers in innate immunity and their antimicrobial properties.
Epithelial barriers act as physical barriers to prevent pathogen entry and produce antimicrobial peptides like defensins to directly kill pathogens.
What is the difference between the receptors of the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system?
The receptors of the innate immune system are encoded by inherited genes and are nonclonally distributed, while the receptors of the adaptive immune system are encoded by genes formed by rearrangement and result in unique receptors.
How do the pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system differ from the antigen receptors of the adaptive immune system?
Pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system are nonclonally distributed and can recognize about 1000 PAMPs and DAMPs, while antigen receptors of the adaptive immune system are diverse and can recognize millions of different antigens.
Explain the basis of the diversity in the receptors of the adaptive immune system.
The receptors of the adaptive immune system (immunoglobulin and T cell receptors) are diverse because they are encoded by genes formed by rearrangement during lymphocyte development.
What is the estimated number of innate immune receptors capable of recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs?
It is estimated that there are about 100 types of innate immune receptors capable of recognizing about 1000 PAMPs and DAMPs.
How are infectious agents delivered to the lymph node for activating the adaptive immune response?
Infectious agents are delivered to the lymph node inside dendritic cells to activate the adaptive immune response.
Test your knowledge on how adaptive immune responses to a microbe develop over time and the differences between innate and adaptive immune responses upon repeated exposure. Explore the concepts of lymphocyte expansion, differentiation into effector cells, and the role of the innate immune response.
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