Informed Consent in Healthcare

Alternating dilation and compression caused by shockwaves.

The point where a bullet enters the body.

Appearance varies with firing distance.

Entrance wounds within ~10-15cm to ~ 40-50cm show additional effects from gun discharge (secondary effects).

Marks beyond the bullet's direct impact. Result from gun discharge components, including gases, flame, and inorganic components.

Circular or oval abrasions caused by the bullet impacting skin. Usually found at the entrance wound. May be blackened with remnants of bullet.

Entrance wounds more than 40-50cm show only marks from bullet-skin interaction (no secondary effects).

More elastic tissues (lungs, muscles, bowel) can sustain displacement without much damage compared to denser tissues (liver, brain) which are more susceptible to lacerations.

A blackish discoloration on the sclera (white part of the eye) that can occur in cases of severe dehydration.

Clouding or haziness of the cornea (transparent outer layer of the eye) often associated with dehydration.

Injuries caused by the impact of projectiles, like bullets or pellets, on the body.

The energy of motion. In ballistic injuries, kinetic energy is transferred from the projectile to the body causing damage.

Different tissues react differently to kinetic energy. Elastic tissues like muscles can absorb impact better than denser tissues like the brain, which are more prone to damage.

A weapon that fires one projectile at a time, like a typical handgun.

A weapon that fires multiple projectiles at once, like a shotgun.

The widening pattern of projectiles from a multiple-charge weapon as they travel through the air.

A projectile causes injury through blunt force, wedging, and spinning action.

Firearm wounds can be categorized as: penetrating (blind bottom, no exit), perforating (entry and exit), re-entry (entry, exit, re-entry), grazed (shallow, abrasion), and tangential (skin and subcutaneous tissue exposed).

The area of tissue directly crushed by the projectile's pressure, resulting in complete disintegration.

The transient stretching and displacement of tissue caused by the bullet's energy release. Size depends on tissue type and energy.

Tissues like lungs, muscles, and intestines are more elastic and can withstand displacement without much damage, while denser tissues like liver and brain are more susceptible to lacerations.

The energy released from a bullet causes a temporary cavity, which involves stretching and displacement of tissue. The size of this cavity depends on the tissue's elasticity and the amount of energy released.

A permanent cavity is the area of tissue directly crushed by the projectile's pressure, resulting in complete disintegration. A temporary cavity is the transient stretching and displacement of tissue caused by the bullet's energy release. The size of this cavity depends on the tissue's elasticity and the amount of energy released.

Tissues like lungs, muscles, and intestines are more elastic and can withstand displacement without much damage, while denser tissues like liver and brain are more susceptible to lacerations. This is because the temporary cavity causes more damage to less elastic tissues.