Information Resources in Pharmacy
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist?

  • Checking prescriptions (correct)
  • Inspecting drug manufacturing facilities
  • Conducting clinical trials independently
  • Manufacturing generic products

Which of the following roles involves planning and implementing health and drug policy?

  • Governmental Management Employment (correct)
  • Industrial Pharmacist
  • Academic Pharmacist
  • Medical Representative

What ethical principle primarily governs the behavior of pharmacists?

  • Competition among peers
  • Profit maximization
  • Regulation compliance
  • Moral principles (correct)

Which task is specifically associated with the role of a medical representative?

<p>Acting as a communication link between drug companies and medical professionals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key responsibility of pharmacists working in industrial settings?

<p>Informing about regulatory controls and distribution processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of hospital pharmacists?

<p>Dispensing drugs to military families (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique function of the military pharmacist's role?

<p>Manufacturing and distributing generic products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities do governmental pharmacists NOT undertake?

<p>Educating patients on over-the-counter medicines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ethical codes in healthcare?

<p>To guide healthcare professionals with codes and standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the importance of not causing harm in healthcare?

<p>Non-Maleficence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Distributive Justice' in healthcare refer to?

<p>Ensuring that patients receive equal treatment regardless of personal circumstances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of veracity in healthcare ethics?

<p>To maintain honesty and truthfulness with patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of communication involves recognizing the patient's perspective?

<p>Listen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'superscription' of a prescription contain?

<p>The symbol Rx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle focuses on acting with kindness and mercy in healthcare?

<p>Beneficence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle involves a patient's right to make informed decisions about their healthcare?

<p>Autonomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of primary literature?

<p>It consists of original research written by the authors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of secondary literature?

<p>It may misinterpret important information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of tertiary literature?

<p>It compiles and summarizes information from primary and secondary sources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sequence should authors follow to publish in a journal?

<p>Conduct study, write article, submit, undergo review. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for pharmacists to evaluate original articles?

<p>They may offer misleading summaries of research findings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does publication in a respected journal affect the credibility of an article?

<p>It enhances the perceived credibility, but does not ensure accuracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of literature is likely to take years to publish and may miss recent developments?

<p>Tertiary literature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the term 'blind review' in the publication process?

<p>Reviewers do not know the authors' identities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Aqua in liquid oral dosage forms?

<p>Vehicle for parenteral use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about Elixir compared to Syrup?

<p>Elixir is less sweet than Syrup (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a Tincture from other liquid dosage forms?

<p>It is an alcoholic solution of active principles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation would parenteral dosage forms be particularly advantageous?

<p>For patients who cannot swallow medications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a semi-solid external dosage form?

<p>Drops (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a Linctus?

<p>A viscous, syrupy liquid with medicinal substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the subscription in a prescription refer to?

<p>Physician's directions to the pharmacist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about narcotic prescriptions?

<p>They must include the prescriber's registry number. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pharmacopeias?

<p>To publish official drug information authorized by governments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Fred's Rule in dose calculation?

<p>To determine doses for patients based on age. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of incompatibility involves precipitation or complexation?

<p>Physical incompatibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization acts as a regulator for the safety and effectiveness of medicines?

<p>World Health Organization (WHO) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what manner should quantities of narcotic substances be written on prescriptions?

<p>In words and numbers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?

<p>To represent pharmacy education interests in the USA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When calculating a child's dose based on weight, which formula is correct?

<p>Dose = weight(kg) x adult dose / 70 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organization is the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)?

<p>International (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does therapeutic incompatibility generally involve?

<p>Drug synergism or antagonism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a task for community pharmacists?

<p>Conducting pharmaceutical research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Egyptian Pharmaceutical Society is responsible for which of the following tasks?

<p>Reviewing the pharmacopeia to manage drug listings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP)?

<p>Representing pharmacy education interests in the USA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Primary Literature

The original source of research findings, written by the researchers themselves.

Secondary Literature

Publications that summarize and interpret information from multiple primary sources. They are written by experts who analyze the research.

Tertiary Literature

Information compiled from primary and secondary sources, often presented in textbooks or handbooks. They provide a broad overview.

Peer Review

A critical review process where experts assess the quality and validity of research before publication.

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Critical Examination

A process of evaluating information for accuracy, relevance, and credibility.

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Current Information

Information that is accurate and up-to-date.

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Relevant Information

The ability of information to be useful and applicable to the specific situation.

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Drug Information Relevance

An essential characteristic of reliable drug information, ensuring it aligns with the specific circumstances of a patient.

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Ethical Codes

A set of guidelines and principles that healthcare professionals follow in their practice.

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Autonomy

The principle that emphasizes the patient's right to make their own decisions about their healthcare. It respects individual choice, action, and thought.

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Beneficence

Acting in a way that benefits the patient. It involves showing kindness and mercy.

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Non-Maleficence

The principle that healthcare professionals should avoid causing harm to their patients. This includes weighing potential benefits against potential risks.

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Distributive Justice

Ensuring everyone gets access to quality healthcare regardless of their socioeconomic status or background. Aiming for fair distribution of resources.

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Confidentiality

Protecting patient information and keeping it confidential.

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The Prescription

The written order from the physician to the pharmacist for the preparation and dispensing of medicines to the patients.

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What is the pharmacist's role in dispensing medicines?

Pharmacists ensure medicines are dispensed correctly and safely. They're legally responsible for any errors in dispensing.

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What does a hospital pharmacist do?

Hospital pharmacists work in hospitals, health centers, and nursing homes. They check prescriptions, provide dosage advice, participate in ward rounds, and interact with other medical staff.

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What does a government pharmacist do?

Government pharmacists work to control and manage drugs. They implement policies, register drugs, and ensure quality and safety.

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What are the opportunities for pharmacists with higher education?

Pharmacists with advanced degrees can work in pharmaceutical education, teaching, or research.

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What is a possible career path for pharmacists with writing skills?

Pharmacists with writing and editing skills can work in pharmaceutical journalism, writing articles, or editing medical publications.

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What does a military pharmacist do?

Military pharmacists provide pharmaceutical services to soldiers and their families. They manufacture generic drugs and distribute medicines.

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What does a medical representative do?

Medical representatives act as a bridge between drug companies and healthcare professionals. They sell and market pharmaceutical products.

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What are ethics in the context of pharmacy?

Ethics are moral principles that guide a person's behavior. Ethical pharmacists uphold standards of honesty, integrity, and patient care.

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Pharmacopeias

Official publications produced by experts in pharmacy and medicine, authorized by governments or international agencies, containing information on drug preparation, quality control, and safety.

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Merck Index

A reference book providing comprehensive information about chemicals, drugs, and their properties.

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Drug Formulary

A publication containing a selected list of drugs approved for use in a particular healthcare setting, such as hospitals or insurance plans.

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Drug Compendia

A collection of concise information about the use, dosage, and safety of medications.

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International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)

An international organization dedicated to advancing pharmacy practice and science, aiming to improve global health through safe and affordable access to quality medicines.

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World Health Organization (WHO)

The primary international organization responsible for setting standards for drug safety and effectiveness, acting as an intermediary between manufacturers and consumers.

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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The United States' regulatory agency responsible for overseeing drug safety and efficacy, ensuring public health through medication regulation.

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American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP)

A professional organization representing pharmacy education in the United States, promoting advancements in the field.

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Subscription

The physician's instructions to the pharmacist on how to prepare the medication.

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Transcription or Signature

Directions for the patient or nurse written on the medicine container label.

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Pre-compounded Prescription

This type of prescription requires no alteration by the pharmacist before dispensing. The pharmacist simply dispenses as prepared.

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Extemporaneous or Compounded Prescription

The pharmacist prepares the medication based on the physician's instructions before dispensing to the patient.

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Narcotic Prescription

This type of prescription must be written according to specific regulations and includes information about the prescriber, patient, and narcotic substance.

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Physical incompatibility

These occur when ingredients in a prescription physically interact, resulting in changes like precipitation, complexation, or liquefaction. They can often be easily fixed by the pharmacist.

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Chemical incompatibility

These occur when chemical reactions happen between ingredients in a prescription, resulting in product deterioration, discoloration, or precipitation. Requires the pharmacist's knowledge of chemistry to resolve.

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Dosage error

The administration of excessive doses or frequent administration of usual doses can lead to overdose, which is a type of therapeutic unintentional incompatibility.

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What is a syrup?

A concentrated aqueous solution of sucrose or other sweetening agents (like dextrose, sorbitol, glycerin, and propylene glycol) with or without added flavoring agents.

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What is an elixir?

A sweet, aromatic, hydro-alcoholic solution used orally. It's less sweet and less viscous than syrup because of its alcoholic content.

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What is a linctus?

A viscous, syrupy, mucilaginous liquid preparation containing sucrose and medicinal substances.

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What is an infusion?

A diluted liquid preparation containing active principles of crude drugs obtained by soaking the crude drug in water, with or without alcohol.

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What is a decoction?

A liquid preparation of active principle(s) of crude drugs obtained by boiling crude drug(s) in water.

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What is a spirit?

An alcoholic solution of volatile oil(s) or chloroform or ether used as flavoring and medicinal agents.

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What is a tincture?

An alcoholic solution of active principle(s) of crude drugs (10-20%).

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What is a parenteral dosage form?

A type of liquid dosage form that is specifically designed for administration into the body using a needle and syringe. This route bypasses the digestive system and allows for direct delivery of the drug to the bloodstream.

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Study Notes

Information Resources in Pharmacy

  • Pharmacists need reliable and current information, but the challenge is separating credible from questionable sources.

Drug Information

  • Drug information should be:
    • Current
    • Critically examined
    • Relevant to the specific circumstances under consideration.

Drug Information Resources

  • Primary Literature: This forms the foundation of the literature ranking system.
    • It is the source material for secondary and tertiary literature, and consists of original research, written in the authors' own words.
    • The process involves researchers conducting a study, completing it, and authors writing the results in a standard manuscript format.
      • Then the paper is submitted to the journal for review. Reviewers then send their comments to the editor, who decides if the work is good enough for publication.

Limitations of Primary Resources

  • Publication in a reputable journal increases the credibility of the information, but does not guarantee accuracy.

Secondary Literature

  • Secondary sources contain information taken from primary sources, often modified, selected, rearranged, or summarized.
    • This is typically done by someone other than the original author.
    • This is usually done for a specific scientific audience.
    • Examples include drug use and indices like Index Medicus.

Limitations of Secondary Resources

  • Secondary sources are interpretations of a primary study, so important information may be misrepresented.
    • It is vital to consult the original article, as abstracts often don't cover all aspects of the study.

Tertiary Literature

  • Tertiary sources are derived from both primary and secondary sources.
  • It may take years to publish a textbook, so the information they contain may not reflect the latest developments in the field.
  • Examples of tertiary resources include textbooks, monographs, and the Merck Index.

Pharmacopeias

  • Official publications created by highly specialized persons (in pharmacy & medicine).
  • These must be approved by international or governmental agencies
  • They include drug formularies.

Pharmaceutical Organizations

Name Type Role
International Pharmaceutical International Improve global health by advancing pharmacy practice

Ethical Codes and Standards

  • Ethical codes provide health care professionals with guidelines to guide their practice.
  • They offer frameworks for handling difficult situations or questionable ethical questions.
  • Examples of ethical principles and moral roles include autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, distributive justice, confidentiality, fidelity, and veracity.

The Prescription

  • A written order from the physician to the pharmacist.
  • Contains necessary information like patient name, address, date.
  • The superscription uses the Rx symbol
  • Includes physician instructions (subsciption) and directions for the patient.
  • The pharmacist puts information on a medicine container label.

Avoiding Illegible Prescriptions

  • Patients must ensure prescriptions are legible before leaving the doctor's office, as computer-printed prescriptions are becoming more common.

Classes of Prescription Order

  • Pre-compounded: Pharmacist dispenses without alteration
  • Extemporaneous/Compounded: Pharmacist prepares medication for patient.
  • Narcotic: Includes drugs similar to morphine or those specifically mentioned by law and requires detailed recording.

Dose calculation

  • Methods like age-based, weight-based, and BSA-based calculation are used to determine appropriate doses

Checking Incompatibility

  • Physical incompatibility (precipitation, complexation, liquefaction) is easily handled by pharmacists.
  • Chemical incompatibility needs an understanding of chemical reactions.

Therapeutic Incompatibility

  • This involves drug synergism or antagonism.

Dosage Errors

  • Dose errors may occur due to overdoses or frequent dosage administration beyond usual doses, which may increase toxicity or decrease the drug's effectiveness.

Dosage Forms (Solids)

  • Powders: Dry preparation with divided particles.
  • Granules: Agglomerate powder particles, irregular shape.
  • Capsules: Solid dosage forms that contain medication within a gelatin shell (hard or soft)

Dosage Forms (Liquids)

  • Aqua: Water is used as a vehicle.
  • Mixtures/Mistures: Solutions or suspensions containing solid and/or liquid components.
  • Syrups: Viscous liquids for oral administration containing sugar and flavor.

Dosage Forms (Semi-Solids)

  • Suppositories, creams, ointments, plasters, poultsies: Solid dosage forms for the body's openings and cavities
  • Liquids: Topical liquids, gargles, enemas and others
  • Parenteral: Liquids (IV, SC, IM)

Routes of Administration

  • Oral, Buccal, Rectal, Vaginal, Inhalation, Topical, Parenteral.
  • Parenteral includes IV, SC, IM.

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Description

Explore the essential resources and strategies pharmacists use to find reliable drug information. This quiz covers the characteristics of primary literature, the importance of critically examining drug information, and the limitations encountered in sourcing credible resources. Test your knowledge on the foundations of pharmacy information resources!

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