Information Processing: Long-Term Memory

Images are representations based on the structures or appearance of the information.

Some believe images are stored as pictures while others believe we store propositions and convert them to pictures in working memory (WM) when needed.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mental representation used to group similar events, ideas, objects, or people into a category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defining Attributes are qualities that connect members of a group to a specific concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A prototype is the best representative of its category - an example that embodies the most important core features of the category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The exemplar model suggests that we identify members of a category by referring to our actual memories of specific examples (exemplars).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining how to create a concept like &quot;bird&quot; by averaging our individual memories of different birds can be challenging if we don't already have a concept of a bird.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Our classifications can be based on theories about the world we develop to make sense of things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schemas are abstract knowledge structures that organize large collections of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schemas guide our perceptions and help us make sense of our experiences, based on what we already know and expect to happen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Story grammar is a schema that helps students understand and remember stories. It provides a framework for organizing the elements of a story, such as characters, setting, plot, and resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memory is long-term memory for information tied to a specific time and place, especially memories of events in a person's life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flashbulb memories are vivid and detailed memories of dramatic and emotional moments in our lives, often associated with high levels of stress or excitement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False memories can be created through various factors, such as showing people doctored pictures of themselves enjoying an activity they never did or asking leading questions that suggest false events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implicit memories include classical conditioning, procedural memory, and priming effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural memory is memory for skills, habits, and how to perform tasks, essentially memory for procedural knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Practice contributes to the gradual transition from conscious effort to automatic execution. The more practiced a procedure is, the more implicit the memory and the fewer cognitive resources are required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Priming involves activating information already in LTM through some unconscious or subtle event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spreading activation is a model of information retrieval where the activation of one concept triggers the activation of related concepts in the network, spreading through associated ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reconstruction is a cognitive tool that reconstructs memories using logic, context cues, and other knowledge to fill in missing parts and construct a reasonable answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Information appears to be lost from LTM through time decay and interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One explanation for forgetting suggests that neural connections weaken over time, making it more difficult to reactivate memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interference occurs when new or old memories interfere with the retrieval of specific information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When people try to remember something but fail, there is increased activity in the left frontal lobe of the brain. When remembering is successful, the increased activity is in the hippocampus region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knowledge plays a significant role in individual differences in LTM, as individuals with greater knowledge are better at retrieving relevant information from LTM to solve problems or comprehend complex information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with higher WM can benefit from developing and using effective strategies for remembering and retrieving information, further enhancing their memory capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to control attention is linked to better LTM, partially through the use of effective strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elaboration involves adding meaning to new information by connecting it with existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Well-organized material is easier to learn and remember than scattered bits of information, especially for complex or extensive topics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chunking is a type of organization that involves grouping small bits of information into larger, more meaningful categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Information that lends itself to images is easier to remember, particularly for concrete information that can be visualized easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presenting information in small bites ensures that working memory is not overloaded, allowing learners to process and encode the information efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspects of physical and emotional context, such as the place, room, or mood, are often learned alongside the information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desirable difficulty refers to the idea that greater mental effort required to learn something leads to stronger and more enduring memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrieval practice involves practicing by retrieving information from memory rather than rereading or restudying. It is more effective because it strengthens neural pathways and consolidates memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interleaved practice involves mixing up practice for different skills or concepts, for example, practicing throwing from different distances before testing on a specific distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making content meaningful for students helps them engage with the material, understand its relevance, and retain the information more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teachers can use vocabulary that makes sense to students, clarifying new terms through connections to more familiar concepts or experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mnemonics are systemic procedures that help improve memory, particularly when information lacks inherent meaning or organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The loci method involves associating items with specific locations in a familiar place, like rooms in your house.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An acronym is a word formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chain mnemonics involve linking items in a list through visual associations or stories, connecting each item to the next in a sequential chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The keyword method involves recoding a vocabulary word as a familiar keyword and then relating the keyword to the definition through a sentence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The serial position effect refers to the tendency to remember the beginning and end of a list, but not the middle, more easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Part learning involves breaking a list into smaller segments, which can help prevent the serial position effect by reducing the number of middle items that are more likely to be forgotten.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributed learning/practice involves practicing in brief periods with rest intervals, rather than one long session.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Massed practice involves practicing for a single extended period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teachers can re-expose students to key information at different intervals, incorporating reviews and homework assignments that revisit previous material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Automated basic skills are skills that are applied without conscious thought. The three stages are the cognitive stage, the associative stage, and the autonomous stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deliberate practice involves regularly setting high standards, comparing performance to those standards, and monitoring progress, identifying areas of improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teachers can provide opportunities for practice with feedback, particularly in the early cognitive stage, and ensure that students have the necessary prerequisite knowledge to support the learning process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Domain-specific strategies are deliberately applied skills that organize thoughts and actions to reach a goal in a particular area or subject.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teachers can provide opportunities for practice in various situations, exposing students to different applications of a strategy across different contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers