Org. Change Ch. 5 (Matching)

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Match the following types of political rule with their descriptions:

Autocracy = Absolute government with power held by an individual or small group Bureaucracy = Rule exercised through use of the written word and based on rational-legal authority Technocracy = Rule exercised through use of knowledge, expert power, and problem-solving abilities Codetermination = Form of rule where opposing parties combine in joint management of mutual interests

Match the following definitions with their corresponding terms:

Power = The capacity to overcome resistance, exert will, and produce results consistent with interests and objectives Politics = The practice of power, including overt and covert actions to favor interests Political behavior = Activities not required as part of an individual’s formal role but attempts to influence the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization Organizational politics = Preventing people from participating in affairs that concern them

Match the following statements with their definitions:

Power = Capacity to influence others and control resources Political behavior = Utilizing power to favor personal interests through actions within an organization Autocracy = System of government where power is held by an individual or small group Technocracy = Rule exercised through the use of knowledge and problem-solving abilities

Match the following terms with their explanations:

Bureaucracy = Rule based on written word and rational-legal authority Codetermination = Joint management of mutual interests by opposing parties Organizational politics = Practice of power and includes both overt and covert actions to favor personal interests within an organization Poli$cs = Act of preventing people from taking part in affairs which properly concern them Signup and view all the answers

Match the following actions with their descriptions:

Resolve conflicts = Intervene and make rulings to resolve a conflict situation Raise the heat = Turn up the heat on a group to force fresh thinking Ensure or develop support of key power groups = Identify individuals and groups who have the power to assist or block change Build in stability = Use power to ensure some things remain the same Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps for shaping the political dynamics of change with their descriptions:

Conduct a power audit = Identify who holds sufficient power to assist or block change Identify key power groups = Step to ensure or develop the support of key power groups Generate energy in support of change = Use leader behavior to generate energy in support of the change Create stability using symbols and language = Use symbols and language to create energy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following analysis steps with their descriptions:

Identify power holders for change = Identify who holds sufficient power to assist change or work against it Compare power and motivation for change = Compare the power of individuals or groups to block change with their desire or motivation to do so Intervene in conflicts = Step to ensure or develop the support of key power groups Confront a group with information about its performance = Using leader behavior to generate energy in support of the change Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conflict-handling styles with their outcomes:

Competing = Creates a win/lose situation, may lead to negative feelings and damaged relationships. Collaborating = Creates a win/win outcome, results in high-quality solutions through inputs of both parties. Compromising = Partially satisfies the needs of both parties, requires trading resources, can lead to future collaborations. Avoiding = Does not address the problem, allows a cooling-off period and the gathering of more information. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forms of power with their characteristics:

Negative power = Characterized by the need for dominance, about control and manipulation of others. Positive power = Derived from a more socialized need to initiate, influence, and lead, about empowering others. Power over meaning = Altering values and norms, involves 'spin' to justify change for self and organizational gain. System power = Lies with the organization and its culture and structure, influences change and difficult to alter. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following problems faced by change processes with their descriptions:

Resistance to change = Organizational control = Power struggles = Functional conflict = Leads to positive performance, inspires innovation and self-criticism. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following themes of covert political action with their descriptions:

Contestation of power and authority = Perceptions of collective injury = Social occlusion = Occurrence of forbidden forms of dissent = Signup and view all the answers

Match the following guidelines for dealing with conflict with their descriptions:

Encourage openness = Model appropriate responses = Provide summaries and restatements of positions = Involve neutral third parties = Signup and view all the answers

Match the following recommendations by Lehman and Linsky with their practices:

Build a containment space = A safe space to express dissenting opinions without repercussions. Leverage dissident voices = Give importance to dissident opinions and don't suppress them. Encourage reflection and reassessment = Utilize group strengths = Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of gatekeepers with their attributes:

Traditional gated = Fully controlled by gatekeepers Dormant gated = Possess one attribute, such as relationship with gatekeeper, and communicate only within the prevailing agenda Potential gated = Have two attributes, such as the ability to produce and exchange information, and rely on reciprocity from gatekeepers Bounded gated = Have three attributes, such as political power, alternatives, and information, but lack communication channels with gatekeepers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following forms of power with their descriptions:

Controlling decisions and covert power = Influence outcomes through non-decision making and manipulation Expert or knowledge power = Comes from accepting judgments of those with specialized knowledge Symbolic power = Manipulation of symbols to create organizational environments and beliefs Personal power = Derives from the characteristics of individuals, such as energy, ability to read others, and personal toughness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements about women's underrepresentation in boards with their reasons:

Social roles = One of the reasons for women's underrepresentation in boards Placement in non-strategic roles = One of the reasons for women's underrepresentation in boards Child-bearing and childcare = One of the reasons for women's underrepresentation in boards Differences in upward influence tactics = One of the reasons for women's underrepresentation in boards Signup and view all the answers

Match the following upward influence tactics with their descriptions:

Rationality = An upward influence tactic Coalition = An upward influence tactic Ingratiation = An upward influence tactic Exchange = An upward influence tactic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

Upward appeal = Higher level managers' support for ideas and plans Gender differences in influence tactics = Men using assertive methods and women using ingratiation and collaboration Lines of organizational power = Lines of supply, lines of information, and lines of support Sources of organizational conflict = Interdependence, organizational structures, rules and regulations, and resource limitations can lead to conflict Signup and view all the answers

Match the following perspectives on organizational conflict with their descriptions:

Unitarist perspective = Assumes organizations are united Pluralist perspective = Recognizes common and divergent interests that lead to conflict Strategies for managing conflict = Unitarist managers may try to suppress conflict and exclude opposition from decisions, while others prioritize production and people when managing conflict Conflict-handling styles = Competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reasons for women's underrepresentation in boards with their descriptions:

Self-promotion = Women may be less likely to self-promote Cultural differences = Affect organizational practices, requiring care in assumptions and adaptations Position and powerlessness = Some employees feel powerless due to their positions, lacking resources, information, support, and cooperation Organizational politics, power, and conflict = Assumes organizations are united Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of authority with their descriptions:

Traditional authority = Rooted in long-standing traditions and customs Charismatic authority = Based on the personal charm and appeal of the leader Rational-legal authority = Derived from established laws and procedures Signup and view all the answers

Match the sources of power with their definitions:

Positional (legitimate) power = Associated with a person's formal position in a hierarchy Expert power = Derives from skills and knowledge Referent power = Based on charisma and ability to attract others to a cause Signup and view all the answers

Match the methods of influence with their descriptions:

Force = Using coercion or physical strength to influence behavior Rules and procedures = Influencing behavior through established regulations and processes Exchange = Influencing through offering rewards or benefits Signup and view all the answers

Match the individual power sources with their types:

Physical power = Derived from bodily strength or capabilities Resource power = Associated with control over distribution of rewards or resources Positional power = Legitimate authority based on formal position in an organization Signup and view all the answers

Match the forms of influence strategies with their definitions:

Push (imposing costs) = Using negative consequences to influence behavior Pull (offering rewards) = Influencing through positive incentives or rewards Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts related to power with their explanations:

Invisible power = Control of information as a form of influencing others Negative power = Involves the ability to prevent or stop actions or decisions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The ability to control the flow of information in organizations gives power to individuals who may not hold senior positions.
People who control access to information are called gatekeepers.
There are several types of gatekeepers, each shaped by the extent of political power, ability to produce information, relationships with the gatekeeper, and alternatives to bypass gatekeeper's control.
Tier 0: Traditional gated have no attributes and are fully controlled by gatekeepers.
Tier 1: Dormant gated possess one attribute, such as relationship with gatekeeper, and communicate only within the prevailing agenda.
Tier 2: Potential gated have two attributes, such as the ability to produce and exchange information, and rely on reciprocity from gatekeepers.
Tier 3: Bounded gated have three attributes, such as political power, alternatives, and information, but lack communication channels with gatekeepers.
Tier 4: Challenging gated have all four attributes and have the highest bargaining power.
Right of access to alliances and informal organizations is an invisible asset that skilled organizational politicians cultivate.
Controlling decisions and covert power are forms of power that influence outcomes through non-decision making and manipulation.
Expert or knowledge power comes from accepting judgments of those with specialized knowledge.
Symbolic power is the manipulation of symbols to create organizational environments and beliefs.
Personal power derives from the characteristics of individuals, such as energy, ability to read others, and personal toughness.
The politics of powerlessness refers to the use of symbols of power to make others feel powerless.
Women's underrepresentation in boards is due to social roles, placement in non-strategic roles, child-bearing and childcare, and differences in upward influence tactics.
Upward influence tactics include rationality, coalition, ingratiation, exchange, and assertiveness.
Upward appeal refers to higher level managers' support for ideas and plans.
Smith et al. (2013) found gender differences in influence tactics, with men using assertive methods and women using ingratiation and collaboration. Women may also be less likely to self-promote.
Cultural differences affect organizational practices, requiring care in assumptions and adaptations.
Position and powerlessness: some employees feel powerless due to their positions, lacking resources, information, support, and cooperation.
Kanter (1979) identified three lines of organizational power: lines of supply, lines of information, and lines of support. Power comes from jobs that allow discretion, recognition, and relevance, as well as close contact with sponsors, peer networks, and subordinates.
Organizational politics, power, and conflict: the unitarist perspective assumes organizations are united, but pluralist views recognize common and divergent interests that lead to conflict. Conflict arises when individuals or groups perceive differences and opposition over interests, beliefs, or values.
Sources of organizational conflict: interdependence, organizational structures, rules and regulations, and resource limitations can lead to conflict. Cultural differences can also contribute to misunderstandings and inappropriate behavior.
Strategies for managing conflict: unitarist managers may try to suppress conflict and exclude opposition from decisions, while others prioritize production and people when managing conflict. Five conflict-handling styles include competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating.
Representative democracy: rule through elected officers acting on behalf of the electorate for a certain period or as long as they have support, examples include parliamentary government, worker control, and shareholder control in industry.
Direct democracy: system where everyone has equal right to rule and make decisions, common in communal organizations such as cooperatives and kibbutzim.
Power definition: ability to influence behavior of others, derived from relationships and differences between people, their beliefs, and resources.
Five sources of power identified by French and Raven:
- Positional (legitimate) power: invested in a person's formal position in a hierarchy.
- Expert power: derives from skills and knowledge.
- Referent power: charisma and ability to attract others to a cause.
- Reward power: ability to give rewards like salary or promotion.
- Coercive power: the power of forcing someone to do something through punishment.
Weber's types of authority: traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal.
Individual power sources: physical, resource, positional, expert, personal, and negative.
Differing methods of influence: force, rules and procedures, exchange, persuasion, ecology, and magnetism.
Position and resource power: position power is legitimate and bestows rights to order or refuse, resource power is associated with reward distribution or withholding.
Influence strategies: push (imposing costs) and pull (offering rewards).
Invisible power: control of information is an asset.

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Test your knowledge of influence tactics in the workplace and the differences in strategies used by men and women. Explore the impact of national culture and power dynamics on influence tactics.