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Questions and Answers
What is the main type of cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation?
What is the main type of cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation?
Which feature distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?
Which feature distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?
In acute inflammation, which of the following is likely to be present?
In acute inflammation, which of the following is likely to be present?
What type of tissue damage is usually associated with acute inflammation?
What type of tissue damage is usually associated with acute inflammation?
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What is commonly associated with chronic inflammation?
What is commonly associated with chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
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What role do monocytes play in chronic inflammation?
What role do monocytes play in chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following stimuli is NOT typically associated with acute inflammation?
Which of the following stimuli is NOT typically associated with acute inflammation?
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What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of acute inflammation?
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What are the types of agents that can trigger inflammation?
What are the types of agents that can trigger inflammation?
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Which process is essential for bacterial killing during acute inflammation?
Which process is essential for bacterial killing during acute inflammation?
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How do the chemical mediators of inflammation affect tissue?
How do the chemical mediators of inflammation affect tissue?
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What causes increased vascular permeability?
What causes increased vascular permeability?
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Which phagocytic cells are part of the early inflammatory response?
Which phagocytic cells are part of the early inflammatory response?
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What is opsonisation in the context of phagocytosis?
What is opsonisation in the context of phagocytosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical mediator?
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical mediator?
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Which cellular event involves the recruitment of leukocytes to an inflamed site?
Which cellular event involves the recruitment of leukocytes to an inflamed site?
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Which of the following options lists proteolytic enzymes released during phagocytosis?
Which of the following options lists proteolytic enzymes released during phagocytosis?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of pus?
What type of inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of pus?
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Which type of mediators are produced by PMNs, macrophages, and B lymphocytes?
Which type of mediators are produced by PMNs, macrophages, and B lymphocytes?
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What is a primary function of cytokines in the immune response?
What is a primary function of cytokines in the immune response?
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Which cytokine is known to induce fever?
Which cytokine is known to induce fever?
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What role does histamine play in the inflammation process?
What role does histamine play in the inflammation process?
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Leukotrienes are primarily involved in which of the following processes?
Leukotrienes are primarily involved in which of the following processes?
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What type of cell primarily produces prostaglandins?
What type of cell primarily produces prostaglandins?
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Which statement correctly distinguishes between acute and chronic inflammation?
Which statement correctly distinguishes between acute and chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is a primary characteristic of chemokines?
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of chemokines?
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Prostaglandins are involved in which of the following aspects of inflammation?
Prostaglandins are involved in which of the following aspects of inflammation?
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Flashcards
Cytokines
Cytokines
Small proteins that mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions.
Interleukin (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8)
Interleukin (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8)
Examples of cytokines, often pro-inflammatory.
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
A cytokine that can induce fever and recruits immune cells.
Histamine
Histamine
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Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins
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Leukotrienes
Leukotrienes
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Chemokines
Chemokines
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Acute Inflammation
Acute Inflammation
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What is inflammation?
What is inflammation?
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What are the classic signs of inflammation?
What are the classic signs of inflammation?
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What are exudates in inflammation?
What are exudates in inflammation?
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Why are exudates important?
Why are exudates important?
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What is the purpose of inflammation?
What is the purpose of inflammation?
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What are the two main types of inflammation?
What are the two main types of inflammation?
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What are the main cell types involved in acute inflammation?
What are the main cell types involved in acute inflammation?
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What are the main cell types involved in chronic inflammation?
What are the main cell types involved in chronic inflammation?
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What are cardinal signs?
What are cardinal signs?
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What are the key vascular events in acute inflammation?
What are the key vascular events in acute inflammation?
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What are common causes of chronic inflammation?
What are common causes of chronic inflammation?
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What are some examples of tissue necrosis?
What are some examples of tissue necrosis?
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How do immune reactions trigger inflammation?
How do immune reactions trigger inflammation?
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Microcirculation stasis
Microcirculation stasis
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Increased vascular permeability
Increased vascular permeability
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What are the causes of increased vascular permeability?
What are the causes of increased vascular permeability?
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Leucocyte recruitment
Leucocyte recruitment
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Types of phagocytic cells
Types of phagocytic cells
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Opsonization
Opsonization
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Proteolytic enzymes released by phagocytes
Proteolytic enzymes released by phagocytes
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Study Notes
Inflammatory Responses Part 1
- Acute inflammation is a localized response to tissue injury.
- The causes of inflammation can be variable, including microbial, immunological, physical, and chemical agents.
- The classical signs of acute inflammation include rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), and loss of function.
- Acute inflammation is characterized by a fast onset, mainly neutrophils as the cellular infiltrate, typically mild and self-limited tissue injury/fibrosis, prominent local and systemic factors, and the presence of cardinal signs.
- Chronic inflammation is characterized by a slow onset, monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes as the cellular infiltrate, usually severe and progressive tissue injury/fibrosis, local and systemic factors likely present, no typical cardinal signs ,and long-term stimulation.
- Triggers for inflammation include infections (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites), tissue necrosis (physical/chemical injuries, heart attack), trauma (blunt/penetrating, burns, frostbite), foreign bodies (splinters, sutures, bones, finger nails, popcorn kernels), and immune hypersensitivity reactions (environmental/autoimmune factors).
- Defining inflammation involves identifying key words related to local tissue responses to injury and recognizing that this response can be triggered by several stimuli including microbes, immunologic factors, and physical or chemical agents.
- Vascular events in acute inflammation include persistent vasodilation, elevation of hydrostatic pressure, increase in vascular permeability, transudation of fluid into extracellular space, and slowing or statis of microcirculation.
- Causes of increased vascular permeability include endothelial cell contraction, direct endothelial injury, leukocyte-induced increased transcytosis fluid and leakage from new blood vessels.
- Cellular events in acute inflammation involve leukocyte recruitment to the site (chemotaxis), phagocytosis (engulfment) of particles (bacteria).
- Phagocytosis involves two types of phagocytic cells: PMNs (part of early inflammatory response) and monocytes/macrophages, and opsonization (marker).
- During phagocytosis, neutrophils and macrophages release proteolytic enzymes such as protease, collagenase, elastase, and lipase.
- Inflammation patterns include serous, fibrinous, suppurative (purulent), and ulcerative.
- Chemical mediators are chemical messengers that act upon blood vessels, inflammatory cells, and other cells causing an inflammatory response. These include exogenous (e.g., endotoxins) and endogenous mediators (e.g., plasma, leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts).
- Important cytokines like TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 are pro-inflammatory, influencing immune cell recruitment and inducing fever.
- Histamine, a vasoactive amine from mast cells, acts on blood vessels, causing arteriole dilation and increased permeability. Prostaglandins, lipid compounds from mast cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, cause vasodilation, fever, and pain.
- Leukotrienes, produced by leukocytes and mast cells via lipoxygenase action, are chemotactic for neutrophils, often accompanied by histamine and prostaglandins, and release lysosomal enzymes, causing vasoconstriction.
- Chemokines are small proteins that attract leukocytes, enhancing their chemotaxis.
- Inflammation is of importance to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
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