Inflammatory Responses Part 1 Acute Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What is the main type of cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation?

  • Monocytes
  • Basophils
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • Lymphocytes

Which feature distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?

  • Fast onset
  • Cellular infiltrate of primarily neutrophils
  • Presence of cardinal signs
  • Long term exposure to a stimulus (correct)

In acute inflammation, which of the following is likely to be present?

  • Angiogenesis
  • Chronic tissue injury
  • Cardinal signs (correct)
  • Fibrosis

What type of tissue damage is usually associated with acute inflammation?

<p>Mild and self-limited injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly associated with chronic inflammation?

<p>Persistent cellular infiltration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

<p>Necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do monocytes play in chronic inflammation?

<p>They transform into macrophages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimuli is NOT typically associated with acute inflammation?

<p>Chronic autoimmune diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body?

<p>To initiate healing processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of acute inflammation?

<p>Scar formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of agents that can trigger inflammation?

<p>Immunological, physical, and chemical agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is essential for bacterial killing during acute inflammation?

<p>Phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the chemical mediators of inflammation affect tissue?

<p>They may cause further damage to surrounding tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes increased vascular permeability?

<p>Endothelial cell contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phagocytic cells are part of the early inflammatory response?

<p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is opsonisation in the context of phagocytosis?

<p>A mechanism that marks particles for engulfment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical mediator?

<p>Erythrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular event involves the recruitment of leukocytes to an inflamed site?

<p>Chemotaxis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options lists proteolytic enzymes released during phagocytosis?

<p>Protease and Lipase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of pus?

<p>Suppurative inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mediators are produced by PMNs, macrophages, and B lymphocytes?

<p>Cytokines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of cytokines in the immune response?

<p>Recruiting immune cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is known to induce fever?

<p>Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does histamine play in the inflammation process?

<p>Increases blood vessel permeability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leukotrienes are primarily involved in which of the following processes?

<p>Chemotaxis of neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell primarily produces prostaglandins?

<p>Mast cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly distinguishes between acute and chronic inflammation?

<p>Acute inflammation has a rapid onset, while chronic inflammation persists over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of chemokines?

<p>Enhance chemotaxis for specific leukocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prostaglandins are involved in which of the following aspects of inflammation?

<p>Vasodilation and pain response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cytokines

Small proteins that mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions.

Interleukin (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8)

Examples of cytokines, often pro-inflammatory.

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

A cytokine that can induce fever and recruits immune cells.

Histamine

A vasoactive amine released by mast cells that dilates blood vessels.

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Prostaglandins

Lipid compounds that cause vasodilation, fever, and pain, produced by different cells.

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Leukotrienes

Chemicals that attract neutrophils, often accompanying histamine and prostaglandins.

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Chemokines

Small proteins that attract specific types of white blood cells.

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Acute Inflammation

A rapid inflammatory response characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

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What is inflammation?

Inflammation is a local response of tissue to injury, triggered by various stimuli such as microbes, immune reactions, physical damage, or chemical agents.

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What are the classic signs of inflammation?

The classical signs of inflammation are redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).

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What are exudates in inflammation?

Exudates are the fluid and cellular components that leak out of blood vessels into inflamed tissue. They contain fluids, proteins, and cells like white blood cells, helping to fight the injury.

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Why are exudates important?

Exudates are crucial for fighting infection and repairing damaged tissue. They provide immune cells and signaling molecules to the injured area.

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What is the purpose of inflammation?

Inflammation is a protective response that aims to eliminate the initial cause of injury, remove damaged tissue, and initiate tissue repair.

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What are the two main types of inflammation?

Inflammation is classified into acute and chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term, rapid response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Chronic inflammation persists for a longer duration, often with less prominent signs of inflammation and tissue damage.

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What are the main cell types involved in acute inflammation?

Neutrophils are the dominant cell type in acute inflammation. These cells are attracted to the site of injury and help fight off infection.

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What are the main cell types involved in chronic inflammation?

Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of macrophages, lymphocytes, and other immune cells. These cells play a role in long-term tissue damage and repair.

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What are cardinal signs?

Cardinal signs are the classic signs of inflammation, including redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. They are typically seen in acute inflammation.

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What are the key vascular events in acute inflammation?

Key vascular events include vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and fluid leakage into the affected area. These events facilitate the delivery of immune cells and other factors needed for healing.

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What are common causes of chronic inflammation?

Chronic inflammation can be caused by persistent infections, autoimmune diseases, and prolonged exposure to irritants. These factors contribute to long-term tissue damage and inflammation.

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What are some examples of tissue necrosis?

Tissue necrosis refers to cell death due to injury or lack of oxygen. Examples include heart attacks, burns, frostbite, and collections of dead tissue (abscesses).

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How do immune reactions trigger inflammation?

Immune reactions, such as hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases, can trigger inflammation. These reactions involve the immune system attacking its own tissues or overreacting to environmental triggers.

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Microcirculation stasis

A slowdown or complete cessation of blood flow in the smallest blood vessels, known as capillaries.

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Increased vascular permeability

A condition where the walls of blood vessels become more porous, allowing fluids and cells to leak out into surrounding tissues.

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What are the causes of increased vascular permeability?

Increased vascular permeability can be caused by endothelial cell contraction, endothelial injury (direct or leucocyte-induced), increased transcytosis of fluids, and leakage from newly formed blood vessels.

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Leucocyte recruitment

The process by which white blood cells (leucocytes) are attracted to the site of inflammation.

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Phagocytosis

The process by which cells engulf and destroy foreign particles, such as bacteria or cellular debris.

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Types of phagocytic cells

The two main types of phagocytic cells are neutrophils, part of the early inflammatory response, and monocytes/macrophages.

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Opsonization

The process of coating foreign particles with antibodies or complement proteins, making them more easily recognizable and susceptible to phagocytosis.

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Proteolytic enzymes released by phagocytes

Neutrophils and macrophages release proteolytic enzymes like protease, collagenase, elastase, and lipase when they reach an inflamed tissue site.

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Study Notes

Inflammatory Responses Part 1

  • Acute inflammation is a localized response to tissue injury.
  • The causes of inflammation can be variable, including microbial, immunological, physical, and chemical agents.
  • The classical signs of acute inflammation include rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), and loss of function.
  • Acute inflammation is characterized by a fast onset, mainly neutrophils as the cellular infiltrate, typically mild and self-limited tissue injury/fibrosis, prominent local and systemic factors, and the presence of cardinal signs.
  • Chronic inflammation is characterized by a slow onset, monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes as the cellular infiltrate, usually severe and progressive tissue injury/fibrosis, local and systemic factors likely present, no typical cardinal signs ,and long-term stimulation.
  • Triggers for inflammation include infections (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites), tissue necrosis (physical/chemical injuries, heart attack), trauma (blunt/penetrating, burns, frostbite), foreign bodies (splinters, sutures, bones, finger nails, popcorn kernels), and immune hypersensitivity reactions (environmental/autoimmune factors).
  • Defining inflammation involves identifying key words related to local tissue responses to injury and recognizing that this response can be triggered by several stimuli including microbes, immunologic factors, and physical or chemical agents.
  • Vascular events in acute inflammation include persistent vasodilation, elevation of hydrostatic pressure, increase in vascular permeability, transudation of fluid into extracellular space, and slowing or statis of microcirculation.
  • Causes of increased vascular permeability include endothelial cell contraction, direct endothelial injury, leukocyte-induced increased transcytosis fluid and leakage from new blood vessels.
  • Cellular events in acute inflammation involve leukocyte recruitment to the site (chemotaxis), phagocytosis (engulfment) of particles (bacteria).
  • Phagocytosis involves two types of phagocytic cells: PMNs (part of early inflammatory response) and monocytes/macrophages, and opsonization (marker).
  • During phagocytosis, neutrophils and macrophages release proteolytic enzymes such as protease, collagenase, elastase, and lipase.
  • Inflammation patterns include serous, fibrinous, suppurative (purulent), and ulcerative.
  • Chemical mediators are chemical messengers that act upon blood vessels, inflammatory cells, and other cells causing an inflammatory response. These include exogenous (e.g., endotoxins) and endogenous mediators (e.g., plasma, leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts).
  • Important cytokines like TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 are pro-inflammatory, influencing immune cell recruitment and inducing fever.
  • Histamine, a vasoactive amine from mast cells, acts on blood vessels, causing arteriole dilation and increased permeability. Prostaglandins, lipid compounds from mast cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, cause vasodilation, fever, and pain.
  • Leukotrienes, produced by leukocytes and mast cells via lipoxygenase action, are chemotactic for neutrophils, often accompanied by histamine and prostaglandins, and release lysosomal enzymes, causing vasoconstriction.
  • Chemokines are small proteins that attract leukocytes, enhancing their chemotaxis.
  • Inflammation is of importance to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

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