Inflammatory Responses Part 1 Acute Inflammation

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Questions and Answers

What is the main type of cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation?

Monocytes

Basophils

Neutrophils (correct)

Lymphocytes

Which feature distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?

Fast onset

Cellular infiltrate of primarily neutrophils

Presence of cardinal signs

Long term exposure to a stimulus (correct)

In acute inflammation, which of the following is likely to be present?

Angiogenesis

Chronic tissue injury

Cardinal signs (correct)

Fibrosis

What type of tissue damage is usually associated with acute inflammation?

Mild and self-limited injury Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly associated with chronic inflammation?

Persistent cellular infiltration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What role do monocytes play in chronic inflammation?

They transform into macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimuli is NOT typically associated with acute inflammation?

Chronic autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body?

To initiate healing processes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of acute inflammation?

Scar formation Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of agents that can trigger inflammation?

Immunological, physical, and chemical agents Signup and view all the answers

Which process is essential for bacterial killing during acute inflammation?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

How do the chemical mediators of inflammation affect tissue?

They may cause further damage to surrounding tissues Signup and view all the answers

What causes increased vascular permeability?

Endothelial cell contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which phagocytic cells are part of the early inflammatory response?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is opsonisation in the context of phagocytosis?

A mechanism that marks particles for engulfment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical mediator?

Erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular event involves the recruitment of leukocytes to an inflamed site?

Chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options lists proteolytic enzymes released during phagocytosis?

Protease and Lipase Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of pus?

Suppurative inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mediators are produced by PMNs, macrophages, and B lymphocytes?

Cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of cytokines in the immune response?

Recruiting immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is known to induce fever?

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Signup and view all the answers

What role does histamine play in the inflammation process?

Increases blood vessel permeability Signup and view all the answers

Leukotrienes are primarily involved in which of the following processes?

Chemotaxis of neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell primarily produces prostaglandins?

Mast cells Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly distinguishes between acute and chronic inflammation?

Acute inflammation has a rapid onset, while chronic inflammation persists over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of chemokines?

Enhance chemotaxis for specific leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

Prostaglandins are involved in which of the following aspects of inflammation?

Vasodilation and pain response Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammatory Responses Part 1

Acute inflammation is a localized response to tissue injury.
The causes of inflammation can be variable, including microbial, immunological, physical, and chemical agents.
The classical signs of acute inflammation include rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), and loss of function.
Acute inflammation is characterized by a fast onset, mainly neutrophils as the cellular infiltrate, typically mild and self-limited tissue injury/fibrosis, prominent local and systemic factors, and the presence of cardinal signs.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a slow onset, monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes as the cellular infiltrate, usually severe and progressive tissue injury/fibrosis, local and systemic factors likely present, no typical cardinal signs ,and long-term stimulation.
Triggers for inflammation include infections (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites), tissue necrosis (physical/chemical injuries, heart attack), trauma (blunt/penetrating, burns, frostbite), foreign bodies (splinters, sutures, bones, finger nails, popcorn kernels), and immune hypersensitivity reactions (environmental/autoimmune factors).
Defining inflammation involves identifying key words related to local tissue responses to injury and recognizing that this response can be triggered by several stimuli including microbes, immunologic factors, and physical or chemical agents.
Vascular events in acute inflammation include persistent vasodilation, elevation of hydrostatic pressure, increase in vascular permeability, transudation of fluid into extracellular space, and slowing or statis of microcirculation.
Causes of increased vascular permeability include endothelial cell contraction, direct endothelial injury, leukocyte-induced increased transcytosis fluid and leakage from new blood vessels.
Cellular events in acute inflammation involve leukocyte recruitment to the site (chemotaxis), phagocytosis (engulfment) of particles (bacteria).
Phagocytosis involves two types of phagocytic cells: PMNs (part of early inflammatory response) and monocytes/macrophages, and opsonization (marker).
During phagocytosis, neutrophils and macrophages release proteolytic enzymes such as protease, collagenase, elastase, and lipase.
Inflammation patterns include serous, fibrinous, suppurative (purulent), and ulcerative.
Chemical mediators are chemical messengers that act upon blood vessels, inflammatory cells, and other cells causing an inflammatory response. These include exogenous (e.g., endotoxins) and endogenous mediators (e.g., plasma, leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts).
Important cytokines like TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 are pro-inflammatory, influencing immune cell recruitment and inducing fever.
Histamine, a vasoactive amine from mast cells, acts on blood vessels, causing arteriole dilation and increased permeability. Prostaglandins, lipid compounds from mast cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, cause vasodilation, fever, and pain.
Leukotrienes, produced by leukocytes and mast cells via lipoxygenase action, are chemotactic for neutrophils, often accompanied by histamine and prostaglandins, and release lysosomal enzymes, causing vasoconstriction.
Chemokines are small proteins that attract leukocytes, enhancing their chemotaxis.
Inflammation is of importance to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.