Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of inflammation?
What is the purpose of inflammation?
- To initiate the response to injury (correct)
- To prevent phagocytosis from occurring
- To inhibit the healing process
- To maintain tissue damage
Which of the following is NOT a classical sign of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a classical sign of acute inflammation?
- Pus formation (correct)
- Pain
- Redness
- Swelling
What are the two main types of exudates formed during acute inflammation?
What are the two main types of exudates formed during acute inflammation?
- Hemorrhagic and serous exudates
- Eosinophilic and neutrophilic exudates
- Granulomatous and suppurative exudates
- Serous and fibrous exudates (correct)
Which factor is NOT typically a stimulus for inflammation?
Which factor is NOT typically a stimulus for inflammation?
What is the primary process involved in bacterial killing during inflammation?
What is the primary process involved in bacterial killing during inflammation?
What is the primary role of cytokines in inflammation?
What is the primary role of cytokines in inflammation?
Which cytokines are known to be pro-inflammatory?
Which cytokines are known to be pro-inflammatory?
What is a primary function of histamine in inflammatory response?
What is a primary function of histamine in inflammatory response?
Which of the following compounds is involved in vasodilation during inflammation?
Which of the following compounds is involved in vasodilation during inflammation?
Which cell type predominantly produces leukotrienes?
Which cell type predominantly produces leukotrienes?
What effect do chemokines have in the immune response?
What effect do chemokines have in the immune response?
What is a key difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
What is a key difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
What roles do prostaglandins play in the process of inflammation?
What roles do prostaglandins play in the process of inflammation?
What characterizes the onset of acute inflammation compared to chronic inflammation?
What characterizes the onset of acute inflammation compared to chronic inflammation?
Which cellular component is primarily associated with acute inflammation?
Which cellular component is primarily associated with acute inflammation?
Which of the following is a common feature of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is a common feature of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following factors is less prominent in acute inflammation?
Which of the following factors is less prominent in acute inflammation?
What is the likely outcome of tissue injury in acute inflammation?
What is the likely outcome of tissue injury in acute inflammation?
Which of the following cardinal signs is NOT typically present in acute inflammation?
Which of the following cardinal signs is NOT typically present in acute inflammation?
Which of the following stimuli is typically associated with chronic inflammation?
Which of the following stimuli is typically associated with chronic inflammation?
What process is primarily linked to the fluid transudation observed in acute inflammation?
What process is primarily linked to the fluid transudation observed in acute inflammation?
What is one cause of increased vascular permeability?
What is one cause of increased vascular permeability?
Which type of cells are primarily involved in the early inflammatory response?
Which type of cells are primarily involved in the early inflammatory response?
What is the role of opsonisation in phagocytosis?
What is the role of opsonisation in phagocytosis?
Which of the following best describes the nature of chemical mediators?
Which of the following best describes the nature of chemical mediators?
What type of phagocytic cells are monocytes and macrophages primarily classified as?
What type of phagocytic cells are monocytes and macrophages primarily classified as?
Which chemical mediator type is derived from endothelial cells and fibroblasts during an immune response?
Which chemical mediator type is derived from endothelial cells and fibroblasts during an immune response?
Which of the following is NOT a typical enzyme released by neutrophils and macrophages at an inflamed site?
Which of the following is NOT a typical enzyme released by neutrophils and macrophages at an inflamed site?
What is a common pattern of inflammation characterized by the presence of pus?
What is a common pattern of inflammation characterized by the presence of pus?
Study Notes
Inflammation
- Local response of tissue to injury
- Stimulus can be variable:
- Microbial
- Immunological
- Physical
- Chemical
Types of Inflammation
- Acute inflammation
- Chronic inflammation
Features comparing Acute & Chronic Inflammation
- Onset:
- Acute: Fast
- Chronic: Slow
- Cellular infiltrate:
- Acute: Mainly neutrophils
- Chronic: Monocytes/macrophages & lymphocytes
- Tissue Injury & Fibrosis:
- Acute: Usually mild and self-limited
- Chronic: Extensive tissue damage with fibrosis
- Local & systemic factors:
- Acute: Prominent
- Chronic: Less prominent
- Presence of cardinal signs:
- Acute: Likely to be present
- Chronic: No cardinal signs
- Presence of stimulus:
- Acute: Short term exposure
- Chronic: Long term exposure
- Response:
- Acute: Resolution, healing, or progression to chronic
- Chronic: Fibrosis and angiogenesis
Causes of Inflammation
- Infections:
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Tissue necrosis:
- Physical and chemical injuries
- Heart attack
- Collection of dead tissue in a confined space
- Trauma:
- Blunt and penetrating trauma
- Burns, frostbite, chemicals
- Foreign bodies:
- Splinters, sutures, bones, finger nails
- Popcorn kernels
- Immune (hypersensitivity reactions):
- Triggered by environmental factors
- Or autoimmune diseases
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Rubor (redness)
- Calor (heat)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Dolor (pain)
- Loss of function
Events in Acute Inflammation
- Vascular events:
- Persistent vasodilation
- Elevation of hydrostatic pressure
- Increased in vascular permeability
- Transudation of fluid into extracellular space
- Slowing or statis of microcirculation
- Cellular events:
- Leucocyte recruitment to site – chemotaxsis
- Phagocytosis of particles – engulfment of particles
Causes of Increased Vascular Permeability
- Endothelial cell contraction
- Endothelial injury:
- Direct
- Leukocyte-induced
- Increased transcytosis fluid
- Leakage from new blood vessels
Phagocytosis
- Two types of phagocytic cells:
- PMN's: part of the early inflammatory response
- Monocytes & macrophages
- Opsonisation: 'marker'
Neutrophils and Macrophages
- When at inflamed tissue site release proteolytic enzymes:
- Protease
- Collagenase
- Elastase
- Lipase
Patterns of Inflammation
- Serous
- Fibrinous
- Suppurative (purulent)
- Ulcerative
Chemical Mediators
- Chemical messenger that acts upon a blood vessel, inflammatory cells or other cells to cause an inflammatory response
- Exogenous
- Endogenous:
- Plasma
- Leucocytes
- Endothelial cells
- Fibroblasts
Chemical Mediators - CYTOKINES
- Chemical proteins produced by many cells including:
- PMN's
- Macrophages
- B lymphocytes
- Epithelial cells
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Description
This quiz explores the local response of tissue to various injuries, comparing acute and chronic inflammation. It covers the features, causes, and characteristics defining both types of inflammation, highlighting their differences and the factors influencing them.
