Podcast
Questions and Answers
⭐️What role does BK(Bradykinin) play in nociceptive neurons?
⭐️What role does BK(Bradykinin) play in nociceptive neurons?
Which growth factors are associated with increased expression of B1 and B2 receptors in trigeminal ganglia?
Which growth factors are associated with increased expression of B1 and B2 receptors in trigeminal ganglia?
What is the primary function of TRPV1 in the context of inflammation?
What is the primary function of TRPV1 in the context of inflammation?
How do cytokines contribute to changes in nociceptors?
How do cytokines contribute to changes in nociceptors?
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Which cytokine RAPIDLY sensitizes TRPV1 and contributes to nociceptor activation?
Which cytokine RAPIDLY sensitizes TRPV1 and contributes to nociceptor activation?
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Which cytokines are mentioned as contributing to neuroplastic changes in inflamed tissues?
Which cytokines are mentioned as contributing to neuroplastic changes in inflamed tissues?
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Which receptors does BK increase the expression of in the presence of inflammation?
Which receptors does BK increase the expression of in the presence of inflammation?
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What type of neurons are primarily affected by TRPA1?
What type of neurons are primarily affected by TRPA1?
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⭐️What primary function is associated with COX-1 derived prostaglandins?
⭐️What primary function is associated with COX-1 derived prostaglandins?
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What is one of the consequences of increased PGE2 Prostaglendin levels in inflamed dental pulp?
What is one of the consequences of increased PGE2 Prostaglendin levels in inflamed dental pulp?
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Which prostaglandin is specifically mentioned as enhancing the responsiveness of sodium channels in nociceptors?
Which prostaglandin is specifically mentioned as enhancing the responsiveness of sodium channels in nociceptors?
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How does the inhibition of thromboxane A2 affect platelet function?
How does the inhibition of thromboxane A2 affect platelet function?
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What is the role of COX-2 in relation to inflammatory processes?
What is the role of COX-2 in relation to inflammatory processes?
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What effect does ibuprofen have on the expression of certain sodium channels when administered before an inflammatory insult?
What effect does ibuprofen have on the expression of certain sodium channels when administered before an inflammatory insult?
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Which receptor subtypes do prostaglandins activate to influence pain sensitivity in neurons?
Which receptor subtypes do prostaglandins activate to influence pain sensitivity in neurons?
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What is the significance of the increased levels of PGE2 during inflammation?
What is the significance of the increased levels of PGE2 during inflammation?
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What role does bradykinin (BK) play in the inflammatory process?
What role does bradykinin (BK) play in the inflammatory process?
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What can be inferred about the pain-relieving potential of NSAIDs in inflamed tissues?
What can be inferred about the pain-relieving potential of NSAIDs in inflamed tissues?
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Study Notes
Inflammatory Mediators
- Prostaglandins (PGs) are derived from arachidonic acid via the action of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme systems.
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COX-1 is constitutively expressed and produces PGs involved in basic housekeeping functions.
- cytoprotection in the stomach
- regulation of blood flow in the kidneys
- thromboxane A2 (leads to platelet aggregation)
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COX-2 is inducible and synthesized in inflamed tissues (including dental pulp).
- It produces proinflammatory PGs and the vasodilating prostacyclin (PGI2).
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PGs sensitize peripheral nociceptors by activating the PG E receptor subtypes EP2 and EP3.
- This increases the algogenic (pain-producing) properties of serotonin and BK.
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PGs regulate the activity of certain ion channels, including voltage-gated sodium channels.
- This increases neuronal excitability.
Bradykinin (BK)
- BK is a proinflammatory mediator derived from circulating plasma proteins.
- BK directly activates nociceptive neurons, resulting in pain.
- Increased levels of BK are found in inflamed dental pulp.
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Growth factors associated with inflammation increase the expression of mRNA encoding B1 and B2 receptors.
- These receptors are found in primary cultures of rat trigeminal ganglia.
- BK increases the excitability of nociceptive neurons through its action on TRPV1 and TRPA1.
Cytokines
- Cytokines are regulatory proteins synthesized and secreted by a variety of cell types, such as leukocytes, neurons, and glia.
- TNF-a and the interleukins IL-1 b, IL-6, and IL-8 play a role in neuroplastic changes that occur in nociceptors innervating inflamed tissues, leading to hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain).
- TNF-a rapidly sensitizes TRPV1, contributing to activation of the capsaicin-sensitive class of nociceptors.
- Cytokines cause increased release of prostanoids (specifically PGs) in inflamed pulp.
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