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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of inflammation?
What is the purpose of inflammation?
- To initiate repair in the tissue (correct)
- To halt the process of healing
- To avoid any immune response
- To cause damage to the living tissue
What is the main component of inflammatory exudate responsible for causing swelling?
What is the main component of inflammatory exudate responsible for causing swelling?
- Edema fluid (correct)
- Immune cells
- Chemical mediators
- Blood vessels
What is the reason behind the redness observed during inflammation?
What is the reason behind the redness observed during inflammation?
- Histamine release (correct)
- Hemoconcentration
- Fluid part of inflammatory exudate
- Vasoconstriction
Which process involves leukocytes moving out of blood vessels into the tissues?
Which process involves leukocytes moving out of blood vessels into the tissues?
What causes pain during inflammation?
What causes pain during inflammation?
What does inflammation aim to do in response to injury or pathogens?
What does inflammation aim to do in response to injury or pathogens?
What is the main function of opsonization in the immune response?
What is the main function of opsonization in the immune response?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the phagocytosis process?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the phagocytosis process?
Which cell type is responsible for producing collagen in tissue repair during chronic inflammation?
Which cell type is responsible for producing collagen in tissue repair during chronic inflammation?
In chronic inflammation, what type of cells are typically present?
In chronic inflammation, what type of cells are typically present?
What characteristic differentiates acute inflammation from chronic inflammation?
What characteristic differentiates acute inflammation from chronic inflammation?
Which factor is NOT involved in aiding phagocytosis according to the text?
Which factor is NOT involved in aiding phagocytosis according to the text?
What is the function of neutrophils in inflammation?
What is the function of neutrophils in inflammation?
Which process involves leukocytes passing through gaps between intact endothelium?
Which process involves leukocytes passing through gaps between intact endothelium?
What is the main role of fibrinogen in the inflammatory response?
What is the main role of fibrinogen in the inflammatory response?
How do antibodies contribute to the immune response?
How do antibodies contribute to the immune response?
What stimulates the activation of complement proteins in the immune system?
What stimulates the activation of complement proteins in the immune system?
Which proteins are responsible for stimulating histamine release and leukocyte chemotaxis?
Which proteins are responsible for stimulating histamine release and leukocyte chemotaxis?
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Study Notes
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a protective immune-vascular response against injury or damage.
- It involves five components: definition, causes, mechanisms (pathogenesis), morphologic changes (gross and microscopic), and complications.
- Causes of inflammation: irritants, pathogens, antigen-antibody reactions, and damaged (necrotic) cells.
Components of Inflammation
- Cause: the initial trigger of inflammation
- Immune cells: involved in the response to inflammation
- Blood vessels: play a key role in the inflammatory process
- Chemical mediators: facilitate the inflammatory response
Purpose of Inflammation
- Elimination of the cause (e.g., removal of pathogens)
- Clearance of necrotic cells
- Initiation of repair processes
Characteristics of Inflammation
- Redness (due to vasodilation)
- Swelling (due to inflammatory fluid exudate, or edema fluid)
- Pain (due to irritation of nerve endings by toxins and chemical mediators or compression by exudate)
- Loss of function
Vascular Phenomenon
- Transient vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
- Slowing of circulation (stasis)
- Escape of plasma
- Direct action of toxins or trauma on blood vessels
- Histamine release
Leukocyte Extravasation
- Margination
- Rolling
- Activation
- Adhesion
- Transmigration (through intact vessels)
Functions of Neutrophils
- Phagocytosis and killing of microbes using ROS and lysosomes
- Dilution of toxins
- Localization of infection by forming a network of fibrin threads
Functions of Complement
- Cell lysis
- Inflammation
- Opsonization
- Activation of cell killing membrane attack complex
Acute and Chronic Inflammation
- Acute inflammation:
- Onset: rapid
- Duration: few days
- Cardinal signs: toxemia
- Microscopically: neutrophils, edema fluid, blood vessels
- Chronic inflammation:
- Onset: gradual
- Duration: months or years
- Cardinal signs: absent
- Microscopically: macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, giant cells, and fibroblasts
Leukocytosis
- Increase in the number of WBCs (leukocytosis)
- Neutrophilia: increase in suppurative inflammation
- Eosinophilia: increase in parasitic inflammation and allergy
- Lymphocytosis: increase in chronic and viral inflammation
- Fibroblast increase in chronic inflammation and tissue repair
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