18 Questions
What is the purpose of inflammation?
To initiate repair in the tissue
What is the main component of inflammatory exudate responsible for causing swelling?
Edema fluid
What is the reason behind the redness observed during inflammation?
Histamine release
Which process involves leukocytes moving out of blood vessels into the tissues?
Diapedesis
What causes pain during inflammation?
Irritation of nerve endings by toxins and chemical mediators
What does inflammation aim to do in response to injury or pathogens?
Initiate repair
What is the main function of opsonization in the immune response?
Enhances phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages
Which of the following is NOT a step in the phagocytosis process?
Activation of complement system
Which cell type is responsible for producing collagen in tissue repair during chronic inflammation?
Fibroblasts
In chronic inflammation, what type of cells are typically present?
Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells
What characteristic differentiates acute inflammation from chronic inflammation?
Rapid onset for acute vs. gradual onset for chronic
Which factor is NOT involved in aiding phagocytosis according to the text?
Histamine
What is the function of neutrophils in inflammation?
Phagocytosis and killing of microbes
Which process involves leukocytes passing through gaps between intact endothelium?
Transmigration
What is the main role of fibrinogen in the inflammatory response?
Localization of infection and facilitating leukocyte movement
How do antibodies contribute to the immune response?
Block antigen receptors
What stimulates the activation of complement proteins in the immune system?
Antigen-antibody complexes or bacteria
Which proteins are responsible for stimulating histamine release and leukocyte chemotaxis?
C3a-C5a
Study Notes
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a protective immune-vascular response against injury or damage.
- It involves five components: definition, causes, mechanisms (pathogenesis), morphologic changes (gross and microscopic), and complications.
- Causes of inflammation: irritants, pathogens, antigen-antibody reactions, and damaged (necrotic) cells.
Components of Inflammation
- Cause: the initial trigger of inflammation
- Immune cells: involved in the response to inflammation
- Blood vessels: play a key role in the inflammatory process
- Chemical mediators: facilitate the inflammatory response
Purpose of Inflammation
- Elimination of the cause (e.g., removal of pathogens)
- Clearance of necrotic cells
- Initiation of repair processes
Characteristics of Inflammation
- Redness (due to vasodilation)
- Swelling (due to inflammatory fluid exudate, or edema fluid)
- Pain (due to irritation of nerve endings by toxins and chemical mediators or compression by exudate)
- Loss of function
Vascular Phenomenon
- Transient vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
- Slowing of circulation (stasis)
- Escape of plasma
- Direct action of toxins or trauma on blood vessels
- Histamine release
Leukocyte Extravasation
- Margination
- Rolling
- Activation
- Adhesion
- Transmigration (through intact vessels)
Functions of Neutrophils
- Phagocytosis and killing of microbes using ROS and lysosomes
- Dilution of toxins
- Localization of infection by forming a network of fibrin threads
Functions of Complement
- Cell lysis
- Inflammation
- Opsonization
- Activation of cell killing membrane attack complex
Acute and Chronic Inflammation
- Acute inflammation:
- Onset: rapid
- Duration: few days
- Cardinal signs: toxemia
- Microscopically: neutrophils, edema fluid, blood vessels
- Chronic inflammation:
- Onset: gradual
- Duration: months or years
- Cardinal signs: absent
- Microscopically: macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, giant cells, and fibroblasts
Leukocytosis
- Increase in the number of WBCs (leukocytosis)
- Neutrophilia: increase in suppurative inflammation
- Eosinophilia: increase in parasitic inflammation and allergy
- Lymphocytosis: increase in chronic and viral inflammation
- Fibroblast increase in chronic inflammation and tissue repair
Explore the concepts of inflammation including exudatephagocytosis, vascular phenomenon, acute vs chronic inflammation, and leukocytes extravasation. Delve into the definition, causes, mechanisms, morphologic changes, and complications involved in pathology.
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