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What is the primary function of inflammation?
What is the primary function of inflammation?
Inflammation is a protective response that aims to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, infectious agents, necrotic cells, and initiate the process of repair.
Which of the following are components involved in inflammatory responses? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following are components involved in inflammatory responses? (Select all that apply.)
Chronic inflammation typically has a rapid onset, lasting for a short period.
Chronic inflammation typically has a rapid onset, lasting for a short period.
False
Which of the following is the main cell type involved in acute inflammation?
Which of the following is the main cell type involved in acute inflammation?
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What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Leukocytosis, an increase in white blood cell count, is a systemic effect associated with inflammation.
Leukocytosis, an increase in white blood cell count, is a systemic effect associated with inflammation.
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Aside from infections, what other stimuli can trigger acute inflammation?
Aside from infections, what other stimuli can trigger acute inflammation?
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What are the two major changes involved in vascular changes during acute inflammation?
What are the two major changes involved in vascular changes during acute inflammation?
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The movement of protein-rich fluid and even blood cells into the extravascular tissues is known as ______ and often leads to tissue ______.
The movement of protein-rich fluid and even blood cells into the extravascular tissues is known as ______ and often leads to tissue ______.
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What type of edema is associated with inflammation?
What type of edema is associated with inflammation?
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What are the five Rs when referring to the steps of the inflammatory response?
What are the five Rs when referring to the steps of the inflammatory response?
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Which of the following cell types is dominant in chronic inflammation?
Which of the following cell types is dominant in chronic inflammation?
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What is the characteristic feature of serous inflammation?
What is the characteristic feature of serous inflammation?
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What is the main difference between serous and fibrinous inflammation?
What is the main difference between serous and fibrinous inflammation?
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What is suppurative (purulent) inflammation and how is it characterized?
What is suppurative (purulent) inflammation and how is it characterized?
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Which two outcomes of acute inflammation are NOT desirable?
Which two outcomes of acute inflammation are NOT desirable?
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Chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
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Eosinophils are characteristically found in parasitic infections and allergic diseases such as asthma.
Eosinophils are characteristically found in parasitic infections and allergic diseases such as asthma.
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What is the primary function of mast cells?
What is the primary function of mast cells?
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What are the two primary mechanisms of tissue repair?
What are the two primary mechanisms of tissue repair?
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Regeneration is more likely in tissues that have a high regenerative capacity, such as skin and intestines.
Regeneration is more likely in tissues that have a high regenerative capacity, such as skin and intestines.
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What is the primary function of the immune system?
What is the primary function of the immune system?
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Describe the difference between innate and adaptive immunity.
Describe the difference between innate and adaptive immunity.
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Cellular immunity, also known as T-cell function, destroys the antigen directly.
Cellular immunity, also known as T-cell function, destroys the antigen directly.
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Humoral immunity is associated with the production of antibodies by B-cells
Humoral immunity is associated with the production of antibodies by B-cells
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What are the three primary types of immune system malfunctions that lead to altered immune responses?
What are the three primary types of immune system malfunctions that lead to altered immune responses?
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What type of immune response is characterized by an inappropriate response to an antigen?
What type of immune response is characterized by an inappropriate response to an antigen?
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Autoimmune disorders involve the immune system attacking the body's own cells and tissues.
Autoimmune disorders involve the immune system attacking the body's own cells and tissues.
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Immunodeficiency refers to a weakened immune system, leaving the body susceptible to infections.
Immunodeficiency refers to a weakened immune system, leaving the body susceptible to infections.
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Opportunistic infections are caused by pathogens that usually cause disease even in healthy individuals.
Opportunistic infections are caused by pathogens that usually cause disease even in healthy individuals.
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What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency?
What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency?
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AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, which attacks and weakens the immune system.
AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, which attacks and weakens the immune system.
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Study Notes
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a protective response to eliminate the cause of cell injury, infectious agents, and necrotic cells, initiating the repair process.
- Inflammatory responses involve interactions between blood vessels, white blood cells, platelets, plasma proteins (coagulation/fibrinolytic, kinin, complement), and extracellular matrix/stromal cells (fibrous proteins, adhesive glycoproteins, proteoglycans, basement membrane).
- The Five Rs of inflammation: Recognition of the injurious agent, recruitment of leukocytes, removal of the agent, regulation (control) of the response, and resolution (repair).
- Acute inflammation: Fast onset (minutes to hours), short duration (minutes to days), mainly neutrophils, usually mild and self-limited tissue injury and fibrosis.
- Chronic inflammation: Slow onset (days to years), long duration, monocyte/macrophages and lymphocytes, often severe and progressive tissue injury and fibrosis.
- Cardinal signs of acute inflammation: Heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
- Systemic effects of inflammation: Fever (elevated body temperature), elevated plasma levels of acute phase proteins, leukocytosis (increased white blood cells), increased heart rate, high blood pressure, decreased sweating, rigors (shivering), chills (perception of cold), malaise, and anorexia.
- Stimuli for acute inflammation: Infections (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites), trauma, various chemical and physical agents (heat, cold, burns, radiation), chemicals (acids, alkalis, bacterial toxins, metals), tissue necrosis (from any cause), foreign bodies, and immunologic reactions.
- Components of acute inflammation: Vascular changes (alterations in vessel caliber resulting in increased blood flow (vasodilation) and structural changes that permit plasma proteins to leave the circulation (increased vascular permeability)) and cellular events (emigration of leukocytes from the microcirculation and accumulation in the focus).
- Increased vascular permeability leads to the movement of protein-rich fluid and even blood cells into extravascular tissues, increasing interstitial fluid osmotic pressure and causing fluid outflow from the blood into tissues, producing tissue edema.
- Edema: Transudate (hydrostatic pressure imbalance across vascular endothelium, fluid of low protein content, typical in non-inflammatory conditions) and Exudate (alteration in normal permeability of small blood vessels in the injured area, fluid of high protein content, typical in inflammation).
- Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation: Serous (exudation of cell-poor fluid into spaces created by injury), fibrinous (greater vascular permeability allows molecules like fibrinogen to pass the endothelial cells), suppurative/purulent (collection of pus, exudate consisting of many neutrophils, debris of necrotic cells, and edema fluid), and ulcer (local defect of the surface of an organ or tissue produced by sloughing/shedding of inflamed necrotic tissue).
- Outcomes of acute inflammation: Complete resolution, healing by connective tissue replacement (scarring or fibrosis), and progression to chronic inflammation.
- Chronic Inflammation: Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks to years). Characterized by infiltration with mononuclear cells, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, tissue destruction, and repair. Cells characteristic of chronic inflammation: Macrophages, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes.
- Eosinophils are characteristic in inflammatory sites around parasitic infections and allergic diseases (such as asthma). Mast cells are a source of histamine in early allergic reactions.
- Tissue repair: Regeneration (replacement of damaged cells by similar parenchymal cells, typical response to injury in the rapidly dividing epithelia (like skin and intestines), requires intact connective tissue), Scar formation (the injured tissues are incapable of regeneration, tissue damage is severe , occurs by laying down of connective (fibrous) tissue.
Immunity
- The immune system protects the body against microorganisms, removes damaged cells, and destroys cancer cells.
- Innate immunity provides immediate, nonspecific protection (skin and mucous membranes).
- Adaptive immunity takes 7-10 days to develop, but is specific to the antigen (cellular or humoral immunity).
- T-cell function destroys the antigen.
- B-cell function produces antibodies.
- Altered immune responses: Exaggeration (hypersensitivity), misdirection (autoimmune), diminution (immunodeficiency).
- Hypersensitivity is an inappropriate response to an antigen, resulting in inflammation and destruction of healthy tissue. Types of hypersensitivity reactions include: Type I (IgE-mediated), Type II (cytotoxic), Type III (immune-complex mediated), and Type IV (cell- mediated).
- Autoimmune disorders: The body's normal defenses become self-destructive, perceiving self-cells as foreign.
- Immunodeficiency: A diminished or absent immune response, increasing susceptibility to infections. Primary immunodeficiency is genetic or congenital; secondary is an underlying disease or factor that suppresses the immune system (infection, malnutrition, hepatic disease, drug therapy, or stress). Immunodeficiency states predispose patients to opportunistic infections. AIDS is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which attacks and weakens the immune system, is transmitted through various means, and is a deadly, sexually transmitted disease.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of inflammation, including its protective role against infections and tissue injury. The quiz delves into acute and chronic inflammation, the Five Rs of inflammation, and the key components involved in the inflammatory response. Test your understanding of the mechanisms and signs associated with this critical biological process.
