Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the main components involved in the inflammatory response?
What are the main components involved in the inflammatory response?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of acute inflammation?
What characterizes the outcome of acute inflammation when the noxious stimulus is eliminated?
What characterizes the outcome of acute inflammation when the noxious stimulus is eliminated?
Which mediators are primarily responsible for inducing vasodilation in acute inflammation?
Which mediators are primarily responsible for inducing vasodilation in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical onset duration of chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
What is the typical onset duration of chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature is commonly associated with the local effects of acute inflammation?
Which feature is commonly associated with the local effects of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What primarily causes the leakage of plasma proteins during an acute inflammatory response?
What primarily causes the leakage of plasma proteins during an acute inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common perception of the signs associated with acute inflammation?
Which of the following is a common perception of the signs associated with acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is primarily responsible for the chemotactic movement of leukocytes during inflammation?
What is primarily responsible for the chemotactic movement of leukocytes during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a beneficial effect of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a beneficial effect of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the progression from acute inflammation to chronic inflammation?
What characterizes the progression from acute inflammation to chronic inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following outcomes indicates the least severe consequence of acute inflammation?
Which of the following outcomes indicates the least severe consequence of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of kinins in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of kinins in the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor initiates the clotting and kinin cascades in inflammation?
Which factor initiates the clotting and kinin cascades in inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a typical outcome of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a typical outcome of chronic inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What change occurs in the vasculature during the acute inflammatory response?
What change occurs in the vasculature during the acute inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of cytokines in the process of leukocyte recruitment during inflammation?
What is the primary role of cytokines in the process of leukocyte recruitment during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of leukocyte is predominantly found in the early inflammatory infiltrate?
Which type of leukocyte is predominantly found in the early inflammatory infiltrate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism primarily initiates the migration of leukocytes through interendothelial spaces?
Which mechanism primarily initiates the migration of leukocytes through interendothelial spaces?
Signup and view all the answers
What detrimental effect can the mechanisms of inflammation have on normal tissues?
What detrimental effect can the mechanisms of inflammation have on normal tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main effect of the vasoactive amine histamine during the inflammatory response?
What is the main effect of the vasoactive amine histamine during the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process involves the degradation of microbes and dead cells in leukocytes?
Which process involves the degradation of microbes and dead cells in leukocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a major cell-derived mediator of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a major cell-derived mediator of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does reactive oxygen species (ROS) play during inflammation?
What role does reactive oxygen species (ROS) play during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cells can adult tissues primarily generate?
What type of cells can adult tissues primarily generate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)?
Which of the following best describes induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial for mechanical support to tissues?
Which component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial for mechanical support to tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outcome of damaged extracellular matrix (ECM) during tissue repair?
What is the outcome of damaged extracellular matrix (ECM) during tissue repair?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of pus and necrotic cells?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of pus and necrotic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of inflammation might you find a meshwork of fibrin threads?
In which type of inflammation might you find a meshwork of fibrin threads?
Signup and view all the answers
What typically occurs in an abscess related to suppurative inflammation?
What typically occurs in an abscess related to suppurative inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes ulceration?
Which of the following best describes ulceration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the primary characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the primary characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do cytokines produced by macrophages and lymphocytes play in chronic inflammation?
What role do cytokines produced by macrophages and lymphocytes play in chronic inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with granulomatous inflammation?
Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with granulomatous inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF and IL-1 on the hypothalamus during inflammation?
What is the main effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF and IL-1 on the hypothalamus during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
In chronic inflammation, which type of cellular infiltrate is predominantly found?
In chronic inflammation, which type of cellular infiltrate is predominantly found?
Signup and view all the answers
What activation signal do macrophages respond to during chronic inflammation?
What activation signal do macrophages respond to during chronic inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines tissues as stable in the context of cell proliferation?
What defines tissues as stable in the context of cell proliferation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process is primarily stimulated by cytokines during systemic inflammation?
Which process is primarily stimulated by cytokines during systemic inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Inflammation
- Host response to foreign invaders and necrotic tissue, but can also cause tissue damage
- A protective response to remove the initial cause of cell injury, necrotic cells and tissues
- Harmful effects include anaphylactic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis
Components of Inflammation
- Vascular reaction
- Cellular response
Steps of Inflammatory Response
- Recognition of the injurious agent
- Recruitment of leukocytes
- Removal of the agent
- Regulation of the response
- Resolution (repair)
Features of Acute and Chronic Inflammation
Acute Inflammation
- Fast onset (minutes to hours)
- Cellular infiltrate mainly neutrophils
- Usually mild and self-limited tissue injury
- Prominent local and systemic signs
Chronic Inflammation
- Slow onset (days)
- Cellular infiltrate mainly monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
- Often severe and progressive tissue injury
- Less prominent local and systemic signs, may be subtle
Acute Inflammation
- Short duration (few minutes to few days)
- Characterized by:
- Increased blood flow (hyperemia)
- Microvascular structural changes leading to plasma protein leakage (exudation)
- Emigration of neutrophils towards the site of injury
- Outcome:
- Elimination of the noxious stimulus, followed by repair
- Persistent injury resulting in chronic inflammation
- Classical signs:
- Heat (calor)
- Redness (rubor)
- Swelling (tumor)
- Pain (dolor)
- Loss of function (functio laesa)
Reaction of Acute Inflammation
- Vasodilation: induced by histamine, causing erythema and blood flow stasis
- Increased vascular permeability: induced by histamine, kinins, and other mediators, resulting in edema
- Leukocyte recruitment: leukocytes are recruited from blood to extravascular tissue to remove pathogens or damaged tissue
Leukocyte Recruitment
- Multi-step process:
- Loose attachment and rolling on endothelium (selectins)
- Firm attachment to endothelium (integrins)
- Migration through interendothelial spaces
- Cytokines (TNF, IL-1, chemokines) regulate expression of selectins, integrin ligands, and promote leukocyte migration
Leukocyte Effector Mechanisms
- Phagocytosis: engulfment and destruction of microbes and dead cells in phagolysosomes
- Destruction: caused by free radicals (ROS, NO) and lysosomal enzymes
- Extracellular release: enzymes and ROS can damage normal tissue
Major Cell-Derived Mediators of Inflammation
- Vasoactive amines: histamine, serotonin - vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
- Arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins and leukotrienes - vascular reaction, leukocyte chemotaxis, and other inflammatory reactions
- Cytokines: TNF, IL-1, IL-6, chemokines - leukocyte recruitment and migration
- ROS: microbial killing and tissue injury
- NO: vasodilation and microbial killing
- Lysosomal enzymes: microbial killing and tissue injury
Plasma Protein-Derived Mediators of Inflammation
- Complement proteins: activation leads to chemotaxis, opsonization, and cell killing
- Coagulation proteins: activated factor XII triggers clotting, kinin, complement, and fibrinolytic systems
- Kinins: mediate vascular reaction and pain
Sequence of Events in Acute Inflammation
- Vasodilation: increased blood flow, erythema, and warmth
- Increased vascular permeability: fluid leakage, tissue edema
- Leukocyte adhesion and migration: neutrophils adhere to endothelium and migrate to the site of injury
- Phagocytosis: removal of the offending agent
- Outcome: resolution, chronic inflammation, scarring
Beneficial Effects of Acute Inflammation
- Dilution of toxins
- Exudation of protective antibodies
- Fibrin formation, delaying bacterial spread
- Exudation of plasma mediators (complement, coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kinin)
- Exudation of nutrient materials
- Promotion of immunity
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
- Complete resolution
- Fibrosis: occurs when inflammation involves non-regenerative tissues, substantial tissue destruction, or extensive fibrinous exudates
- Abscess formation: focal collection of pus caused by deep seeding of pyogenic bacteria
- Progression to chronic inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
- Longer duration (days to years)
- Characterized by:
- Infiltration by mononuclear cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages)
- Tissue destruction
- Tissue repair (vascular proliferation and fibrosis)
- Causes:
- Persistent infections (tuberculosis, syphilis)
- Prolonged exposure to toxic agents
- Autoimmune disorders
Features of Chronic Inflammation
- Prolonged host response to persistent stimuli, often underlies many diseases
- Characterized by:
- Persistent inflammation
- Tissue injury
- Attempted repair by scarring
- Immune response
- Cellular infiltrate: activated macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, with fibrosis
Mediators of Chronic Inflammation
- Cytokines produced by macrophages and lymphocytes (notably T lymphocytes), leading to amplified and prolonged inflammation
Cells in Chronic Inflammation
- Macrophages: derived from monocytes, increase in size, with more lysosomes and active metabolism
- Lymphocytes: T lymphocytes secrete IFN-γ, stimulating macrophages
- Plasma cells: produce antibodies
- Eosinophils: involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Macrophage Secretions
- Acid and neutral proteases
- Complement components
- Oxygen-free radicals and nitric oxide
- Cytokines: IL-1, TNF
Granulomatous Inflammation
- Aggregation of activated macrophages (epithelioid appearance)
- Causes:
- Bacterial infection (tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis)
- Parasitic infection (bilharziasis)
- Fungal infection (histoplasmosis)
- Inorganic metals (silica, berylliosis)
- Foreign body
- Unknown (sarcoidosis)
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
- Fever: cytokines stimulate prostaglandin production in hypothalamus
- Production of acute-phase proteins: C-reactive protein stimulated by cytokines
- Leukocytosis: cytokines stimulate leukocyte production from bone marrow precursors
- Septic shock: severe infections leading to low blood pressure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, metabolic abnormalities, induced by high levels of TNF
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the differences between acute and chronic inflammation in this quiz. Understand the host's response to injury, the components involved, and the steps in the inflammatory response. Test your knowledge on the effects and characteristics of each type of inflammation.
