Inflammation Overview and Cardinal Signs

<p>By transporting microorganisms and toxins to lymph nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interference in breathing due to swelling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves simultaneous active inflammation and tissue repair. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progression to chronic inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aids in the dilution and removal of toxins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Latin term meaning to burn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To eliminate harmful stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progression of the injurious agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical injuries and chemical agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are involved in the immune and vascular responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation is not to be considered a disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A systematic biological response to harmful stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation is detrimental in all circumstances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>itis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate response to injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradykinins and prostaglandins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Migration of leukocytes towards the site of inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can occur simultaneously with acute inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate fever responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15,000 to 20,000 cells/mm3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokine release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased pulse rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophilia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemotaxis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endogenous lipid components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent suppuration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mast cells and eosinophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of granuloma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of granulomas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation is the complex biological response of living tissues to harmful stimuli (like pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants). It's a protective mechanism to remove the harmful stimuli and initiate healing.

Inflammation's goal is to eliminate the cause of injury and limit further tissue damage. This includes identifying, managing, and destroying harmful substances and preparing the tissue for repair.

The word "inflammation" originates from the Latin word "inflammare," meaning to set on fire.

Inflammation can arise from physical agents (injury, temperature changes, radiation), chemical agents (drugs, toxins), and more.

Inflammation benefits by identifying harmful stimuli, slowing their progress, diluting harmful substances, and destroying or removing them. Inflammation also prepares tissue for healing.

Inflammation is a protective, organized response of blood vessels and immune cells to various harmful stimuli.

Inflammation is a critical initial step in the healing process, preparing the injured tissues for restoration and regeneration.

While helpful in many situations, inflammation can be harmful through hypersensitivity reactions and the body's reactions to an ongoing issue.

An immediate, short-term response to injury, characterized by fluid and protein leakage, and neutrophil migration to the injured site.

The five key characteristics of acute inflammation: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

The leakage of fluid and proteins from blood vessels into the tissues.

The process of cells engulfing and breaking down foreign material, like bacteria or damaged cells.

Cells that help fight infection, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages.

The naming convention for inflammatory conditions usually ends with '-itis'.

An area of tissue damage or infection characterized by inflammation.

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Exudate is a fluid that leaks out of blood vessels during inflammation. It's rich in proteins and often contains white blood cells.

Exudate helps dilute toxins, bring antibodies to the site of inflammation, form fibrin to prevent bacterial spread, and deliver key proteins for healing.

Exudate carries invaders and their toxins to lymph nodes, stimulating the immune response.

Chronic inflammation is a long-lasting inflammatory process where inflammation, tissue damage, and repair happen concurrently.

Acute inflammation can resolve completely, heal with scar tissue, become chronic, or lead to abscess formation.

An abscess is a localized collection of pus, mainly composed of dead white blood cells and bacteria.

The goal is to contain the inflammatory process and prevent further damage, even if the cause can't be eliminated completely.

Chronic inflammation can be caused by persistent infections (e.g., tuberculosis), prolonged exposure to toxic substances (e.g., silica, asbestos), or progression from acute inflammation (e.g., abscesses).

Certain microorganisms, like bacteria causing tuberculosis, can live inside cells and trigger chronic inflammation. They cause delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

Exposure to substances the body can't easily break down, like silica or asbestos, can cause chronic inflammation due to constant irritation.

Chronic inflammation can occur when acute inflammation doesn't resolve properly, often because of persistent infection or foreign materials.

Autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks its own tissues, are often characterized by chronic inflammation. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

Chronic inflammation involves a mix of immune cells, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and sometimes mast cells and eosinophils for parasites and allergies.

This type involves a general accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes where the injury occurred, often leading to scar tissue formation.

This type involves a granuloma, a cluster of macrophages that have transformed into epithelioid cells.

Can be caused by various agents including bacteria, fungi, helminths, protozoa, Chlamydia, or even inorganic materials.

A set of widespread responses affecting multiple body systems, beyond the site of inflammation. Includes fever, endocrine changes, altered blood flow, and behavior modifications.

An important and common systemic response to inflammation, regulated by the hypothalamus and triggered by cytokines (like IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) released from immune cells.

Hormonal changes occur during inflammation, including increased glucocorticoid production and decreased vasopressin secretion. The liver also produces acute phase proteins like C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A.

The body's autonomic nervous system redirects blood flow towards the inflamed area, leading to increased pulse rate and blood pressure.

Inflammation can lead to changes in behavior, including muscle stiffness, chills, loss of appetite, lethargy, and general discomfort.

A common feature of inflammation, particularly bacterial infections, characterized by an increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation. The count typically rises to 15,000 to 20,000 cells/mm3.