Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
Which of the following correctly describes the acute-phase response during acute inflammation?
What is the primary role of leukocytes during the cellular phase of inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the vascular phase of acute inflammation?
What is chemotaxis in the context of the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of opsonization during the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of histamine and serotonin in inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following pathways generates leukotrienes?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of fatty acids are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids classified as, and how do they affect inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which substance is known for having vasodilatory functions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of chemokines in the immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do clotting proteins play in inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mediator is primarily involved in activating platelets and stimulating the immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect do reactive oxygen species have during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the phagocytosis of bacteria during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What changes in endothelial cells contribute to the inflammation process?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do platelets play in the inflammation process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about chronic inflammation is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of macrophages in the inflammatory process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which leukocyte is primarily involved in allergic reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to monocytes in tissues during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cell types are classified as permanent cells unable to proliferate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one role of growth factors in the healing process?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes healing by secondary intention?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main role of fibroblasts during the proliferative phase of wound healing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary difference between primary intention and secondary intention in wound healing?
Signup and view all the answers
During which phase of wound healing does epithelialization occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mediators stimulate inflammation and contribute to the healing process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of granulation tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor primarily contributes to delayed wound healing in aging adults?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the role of fibroblasts in wound healing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of angiogenesis in wound healing?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological changes are expected in the remodeling phase of wound healing?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Acute Inflammation
- Early, immediate reaction to injury or infection
- Aims to remove the injurious agent and minimize damage
- Local reaction
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Rubor (redness)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Calor (heat)
- Dolor (pain)
- Functio laesa (loss of function)
Acute-Phase Response
- Systemic manifestations during acute inflammation
- Examples: fever in Covid-19, fatigue
Stages of Inflammation
- Vascular phase - involves changes in blood vessels, including brief vasoconstriction followed by rapid vasodilation
-
Cellular phase - involves leukocyte migration to the site of injury. This occurs in four steps:
- Adhesion and margination: Leukocytes slow down and adhere to the endothelial cells
- Transmigration: Leukocytes move out of the blood vessels into the tissue (extravasation)
- Chemotaxis: Leukocytes migrate towards the site of injury using chemokines (chemoattractants)
- Leukocyte activation and phagocytosis: Leukocytes engulf and destroy microbes through phagocytosis, facilitated by opsonization (coating microbes for easier recognition)
Cells of Inflammation
- Endothelial cells: line blood vessels, produce antithrombotic agents, vasoconstrictors, and vasodilators, regulate leukocyte movement
- Platelets: small, membrane-bound disks involved in hemostasis, release inflammatory mediators
-
Leukocytes: Major cellular components of inflammation, including:
- Neutrophils: most numerous, first responders, phagocytize bacteria, and release enzymes
- Eosinophils: involved in allergic reactions and destroying parasitic worms
- Basophils: involved in allergic reactions
- Mast cells: reside in tissues, involved in acute and chronic inflammation, release histamine which causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
- Monocytes: largest WBCs, differentiate into macrophages in tissues
- Macrophages: major phagocytic cells
- Extracellular matrix: provides structural support for cells
Inflammatory Mediators
-
Cell-Derived Mediators:
- Histamine & serotonin: vasoactive, cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
-
Arachidonic acid metabolites: produced through two pathways:
- Lipoxygenase pathway: produces leukotrienes
- Cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway: produces prostaglandins and thromboxane A2
- Platelet-activating factor (PAF): activates platelets, stimulates immune response
- Inflammatory cytokines: chemical messengers, mediate local inflammation and systemic response, examples: TNF-α and IL-1
- Chemokines: subgroup of cytokines, act as chemoattractants to recruit immune cells
- Nitric oxide: vasodilator, relaxes vascular smooth muscle, has antiplatelet functions
- Reactive oxygen species: released by multiple immune cells, contribute to inflammation
-
Plasma Protein Mediators
- Clotting Proteins: involved in vascular phase of inflammation, thrombin activates platelets
- Complement Proteins: contribute to vascular permeability, phagocytosis, and vasodilation
- Vasoactive Peptides: generated by the kinin system, contribute to inflammation
Healing Process
- Chemical Mediators: include cytokines and arachidonic acid derivatives
- Growth Factors: control cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism
-
Extracellular Matrix (ECM): provides structural support for cells
- Basement membrane: surrounds epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells
- Interstitial ECM: composed of fibrous structural proteins (collagen, elastin), water-hydrated gels (hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans), and adhesive glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin)
- Fibroblasts: synthesize collagen
- Integrin: binds ECM components, activates signaling cascade to promote cell proliferation
Wound Healing
- Primary intention: healing without tissue loss, example: surgical incision
-
Secondary intention: healing with tissue loss or infection, slower than primary intention
- Granulation tissue: red, moist connective tissue, characterized by angiogenesis and fibrogenesis
- Scar formation: fibroblasts contribute to ECM formation
-
Stages of Wound Healing
- Inflammatory phase: starts with injury, characterized by blood clot formation and migration of WBCs
- Proliferative phase: begins 2-3 days after injury, involves filling the wound space with new tissue, fibroblast activity, epithelialization
- Wound contraction and remodeling phase: begins 3 weeks after injury, continues up to 6 months, focuses on developing a fibrous scar
Factors Affecting Wound Healing
- Malnutrition: adequate proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes are crucial
- ↓ Blood flow and O2 delivery: impairs inflammatory and immune responses
- Infection, wound separation, foreign bodies: interfere with wound healing
Wound Healing in Aging Adults
- Changes in skin structure, including decreased dermal thickness, collagen content, and elasticity
- Decrease in fibroblasts
- Impaired wound contraction and epithelialization
- Increased vulnerability to chronic wounds
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the key concepts of acute inflammation, including its early reactions to injury or infection, cardinal signs, and the stages involved. Understand the vascular and cellular phases, as well as the systemic responses like fever. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms and characteristics of inflammation.
