Acute Inflammation and Its Stages
34 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes the acute-phase response during acute inflammation?

  • It is characterized solely by redness and swelling.
  • It includes fever and fatigue as systemic manifestations. (correct)
  • It leads to immediate tissue repair without leukocyte migration.
  • It involves local reactions with no systemic effects.

    • What is the primary role of leukocytes during the cellular phase of inflammation?

  • To produce collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix.
  • To support the function of fibroblasts.
  • To migrate to the site of injury for immune response. (correct)
  • To initiate vasodilation and fluid loss.

    • Which of the following best describes the vascular phase of acute inflammation?

  • It is characterized by prolonged vasodilation and increased blood pressure.
  • It requires leukocyte activation and adhesion to endothelial cells.
  • It involves rapid vasoconstriction followed by steady vasodilation.
  • It includes changes in blood vessels, leading to heat, redness, and swelling. (correct)

    • What is chemotaxis in the context of the inflammatory response?

    <p>The migration of leukocytes towards the site of injury due to chemoattractants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of opsonization during the inflammatory response?

    <p>The coating of microbes to enhance recognition by immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histamine and serotonin in inflammation?

    <p>Increase vascular permeability and promote vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways generates leukotrienes?

    <p>Lipoxygenase pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fatty acids are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids classified as, and how do they affect inflammation?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory fats that can replace arachidonic acid in cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is known for having vasodilatory functions?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemokines in the immune response?

    <p>Act as chemical attractants for immune cell migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do clotting proteins play in inflammation?

    <p>Bind to protease-activated receptors to promote inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator is primarily involved in activating platelets and stimulating the immune response?

    <p>Platelet-activating factor (PAF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do reactive oxygen species have during inflammation?

    <p>Increase inflammatory cytokine synthesis and release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of acute inflammation?

    <p>To generate new tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the phagocytosis of bacteria during inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes in endothelial cells contribute to the inflammation process?

    <p>Increased permeability allowing migration of inflammatory products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do platelets play in the inflammation process?

    <p>They release inflammatory mediators that enhance vascular permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about chronic inflammation is correct?

    <p>It is self-perpetuating and contributes to chronic diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the inflammatory process?

    <p>They are major phagocytic cells that help clear pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to monocytes in tissues during inflammation?

    <p>They differentiate into macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types are classified as permanent cells unable to proliferate?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one role of growth factors in the healing process?

    <p>Control proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes healing by secondary intention?

    <p>Presence of granulation tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of fibroblasts during the proliferative phase of wound healing?

    <p>To synthesize collagen and release growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between primary intention and secondary intention in wound healing?

    <p>Amount of scar tissue formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of wound healing does epithelialization occur?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediators stimulate inflammation and contribute to the healing process?

    <p>Interleukins and TNF-α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of granulation tissue?

    <p>It appears red and moist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily contributes to delayed wound healing in aging adults?

    <p>Decreased dermal thickness and elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of fibroblasts in wound healing?

    <p>They synthesize collagen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of angiogenesis in wound healing?

    <p>It facilitates the formation of blood vessels to the wound area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological changes are expected in the remodeling phase of wound healing?

    <p>Development of a fibrous scar over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Inflammation

    • Early, immediate reaction to injury or infection
    • Aims to remove the injurious agent and minimize damage
    • Local reaction

    Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

    • Rubor (redness)
    • Tumor (swelling)
    • Calor (heat)
    • Dolor (pain)
    • Functio laesa (loss of function)

    Acute-Phase Response

    • Systemic manifestations during acute inflammation
    • Examples: fever in Covid-19, fatigue

    Stages of Inflammation

    • Vascular phase - involves changes in blood vessels, including brief vasoconstriction followed by rapid vasodilation
    • Cellular phase - involves leukocyte migration to the site of injury. This occurs in four steps:
      • Adhesion and margination: Leukocytes slow down and adhere to the endothelial cells
      • Transmigration: Leukocytes move out of the blood vessels into the tissue (extravasation)
      • Chemotaxis: Leukocytes migrate towards the site of injury using chemokines (chemoattractants)
      • Leukocyte activation and phagocytosis: Leukocytes engulf and destroy microbes through phagocytosis, facilitated by opsonization (coating microbes for easier recognition)

    Cells of Inflammation

    • Endothelial cells: line blood vessels, produce antithrombotic agents, vasoconstrictors, and vasodilators, regulate leukocyte movement
    • Platelets: small, membrane-bound disks involved in hemostasis, release inflammatory mediators
    • Leukocytes: Major cellular components of inflammation, including:
      • Neutrophils: most numerous, first responders, phagocytize bacteria, and release enzymes
      • Eosinophils: involved in allergic reactions and destroying parasitic worms
      • Basophils: involved in allergic reactions
      • Mast cells: reside in tissues, involved in acute and chronic inflammation, release histamine which causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
      • Monocytes: largest WBCs, differentiate into macrophages in tissues
      • Macrophages: major phagocytic cells
    • Extracellular matrix: provides structural support for cells

    Inflammatory Mediators

    • Cell-Derived Mediators:
      • Histamine & serotonin: vasoactive, cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
      • Arachidonic acid metabolites: produced through two pathways:
        • Lipoxygenase pathway: produces leukotrienes
        • Cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway: produces prostaglandins and thromboxane A2
      • Platelet-activating factor (PAF): activates platelets, stimulates immune response
      • Inflammatory cytokines: chemical messengers, mediate local inflammation and systemic response, examples: TNF-α and IL-1
      • Chemokines: subgroup of cytokines, act as chemoattractants to recruit immune cells
      • Nitric oxide: vasodilator, relaxes vascular smooth muscle, has antiplatelet functions
      • Reactive oxygen species: released by multiple immune cells, contribute to inflammation
    • Plasma Protein Mediators
      • Clotting Proteins: involved in vascular phase of inflammation, thrombin activates platelets
      • Complement Proteins: contribute to vascular permeability, phagocytosis, and vasodilation
      • Vasoactive Peptides: generated by the kinin system, contribute to inflammation

    Healing Process

    • Chemical Mediators: include cytokines and arachidonic acid derivatives
    • Growth Factors: control cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism
    • Extracellular Matrix (ECM): provides structural support for cells
      • Basement membrane: surrounds epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells
      • Interstitial ECM: composed of fibrous structural proteins (collagen, elastin), water-hydrated gels (hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans), and adhesive glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin)
      • Fibroblasts: synthesize collagen
      • Integrin: binds ECM components, activates signaling cascade to promote cell proliferation

    Wound Healing

    • Primary intention: healing without tissue loss, example: surgical incision
    • Secondary intention: healing with tissue loss or infection, slower than primary intention
      • Granulation tissue: red, moist connective tissue, characterized by angiogenesis and fibrogenesis
      • Scar formation: fibroblasts contribute to ECM formation
    • Stages of Wound Healing
      • Inflammatory phase: starts with injury, characterized by blood clot formation and migration of WBCs
      • Proliferative phase: begins 2-3 days after injury, involves filling the wound space with new tissue, fibroblast activity, epithelialization
      • Wound contraction and remodeling phase: begins 3 weeks after injury, continues up to 6 months, focuses on developing a fibrous scar

    Factors Affecting Wound Healing

    • Malnutrition: adequate proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes are crucial
    • ↓ Blood flow and O2 delivery: impairs inflammatory and immune responses
    • Infection, wound separation, foreign bodies: interfere with wound healing

    Wound Healing in Aging Adults

    • Changes in skin structure, including decreased dermal thickness, collagen content, and elasticity
    • Decrease in fibroblasts
    • Impaired wound contraction and epithelialization
    • Increased vulnerability to chronic wounds

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Inflammation Chapter 9 Fall 2024 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the key concepts of acute inflammation, including its early reactions to injury or infection, cardinal signs, and the stages involved. Understand the vascular and cellular phases, as well as the systemic responses like fever. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms and characteristics of inflammation.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser