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Questions and Answers
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the outpouring of a thin fluid from plasma or mesothelial cells?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the outpouring of a thin fluid from plasma or mesothelial cells?
What effect does fibrinous inflammation primarily involve?
What effect does fibrinous inflammation primarily involve?
What are localized collections of purulent inflammatory exudate known as?
What are localized collections of purulent inflammatory exudate known as?
Which type of inflammation may result in a blister on the skin?
Which type of inflammation may result in a blister on the skin?
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In which condition would you expect to find a fibrinous exudate?
In which condition would you expect to find a fibrinous exudate?
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What is a defining feature of purulent inflammation?
What is a defining feature of purulent inflammation?
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What type of inflammation is seen with greater vascular permeability allowing larger molecules like fibrinogen to escape?
What type of inflammation is seen with greater vascular permeability allowing larger molecules like fibrinogen to escape?
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Chronic inflammation predominantly involves which type of cells?
Chronic inflammation predominantly involves which type of cells?
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What is the systemic effect of inflammation that can affect the entire body?
What is the systemic effect of inflammation that can affect the entire body?
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Which of the following is not a morphological pattern of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is not a morphological pattern of acute inflammation?
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What is a key characteristic of an ulcer?
What is a key characteristic of an ulcer?
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Which outcome is associated with acute inflammation?
Which outcome is associated with acute inflammation?
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Which cell type is NOT typically found in chronic inflammation?
Which cell type is NOT typically found in chronic inflammation?
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What primarily drives the process of chronic inflammation?
What primarily drives the process of chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is a defining feature of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is a defining feature of chronic inflammation?
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Which lymphocyte subset is involved in the defense against helminthic parasites?
Which lymphocyte subset is involved in the defense against helminthic parasites?
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What distinguishes the macrophages known as Kupffer cells?
What distinguishes the macrophages known as Kupffer cells?
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What is one of the outcomes of significant tissue destruction due to inflammation?
What is one of the outcomes of significant tissue destruction due to inflammation?
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What action do activated B lymphocytes perform?
What action do activated B lymphocytes perform?
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Which outcome is most likely after recurrent attacks of acute inflammation?
Which outcome is most likely after recurrent attacks of acute inflammation?
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What role do eosinophils play in both immune reactions and parasitic infections?
What role do eosinophils play in both immune reactions and parasitic infections?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?
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Which type of cells serves as antigen-presenting cells to T cells?
Which type of cells serves as antigen-presenting cells to T cells?
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What initiates the recruitment of eosinophils in immune reactions?
What initiates the recruitment of eosinophils in immune reactions?
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What is a primary mediator in the acute phase reaction during inflammation?
What is a primary mediator in the acute phase reaction during inflammation?
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Which granuloma type is characterized by central necrosis?
Which granuloma type is characterized by central necrosis?
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Which component is NOT typically found in the composition of a granuloma?
Which component is NOT typically found in the composition of a granuloma?
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What systemic effects are associated with acute inflammation?
What systemic effects are associated with acute inflammation?
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In chronic inflammation, what is the function of macrophages?
In chronic inflammation, what is the function of macrophages?
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What is the primary characteristic of a foreign body granuloma?
What is the primary characteristic of a foreign body granuloma?
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What is the primary role of cytokines released from leukocytes during an inflammatory response?
What is the primary role of cytokines released from leukocytes during an inflammatory response?
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Which acute phase protein is primarily synthesized by the liver and increases significantly during inflammation?
Which acute phase protein is primarily synthesized by the liver and increases significantly during inflammation?
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Which cytokines are primarily responsible for inducing fever during the acute phase response?
Which cytokines are primarily responsible for inducing fever during the acute phase response?
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What blood test is commonly used to assess inflammation by measuring the rate of red blood cell sedimentation?
What blood test is commonly used to assess inflammation by measuring the rate of red blood cell sedimentation?
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Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of septic shock?
Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of septic shock?
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Leukocytosis is most commonly associated with which type of infection?
Leukocytosis is most commonly associated with which type of infection?
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Elevated plasma levels of which of the following acute phase proteins are used as markers for increased cardiovascular risk?
Elevated plasma levels of which of the following acute phase proteins are used as markers for increased cardiovascular risk?
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What is the effect of cytokines on the hypothalamus during fever?
What is the effect of cytokines on the hypothalamus during fever?
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What is the condition called characterized by decreased levels of circulating white blood cells?
What is the condition called characterized by decreased levels of circulating white blood cells?
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Which of these symptoms is NOT typically associated with the acute phase response of inflammation?
Which of these symptoms is NOT typically associated with the acute phase response of inflammation?
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Understand morphological patterns of acute and chronic inflammation.
- Discuss chronic inflammation and granulomatous inflammation.
- Identify the cell types involved in chronic inflammation.
- Recognize systemic effects of inflammation.
Morphological Patterns of Acute Inflammation
- Serous Inflammation: Involves thin fluid (effusion) from plasma/mesothelial cells seen in conditions like skin blisters.
- Fibrinous Inflammation: Characterized by fibrin deposition in extracellular spaces indicating severe injuries and increased vascular permeability. Notable examples include meninges and pericardium.
- Purulent (Suppurative) Inflammation: Produces pus, primarily composed of neutrophils, linked to bacterial infections (e.g., staphylococci), forming abscesses.
- Ulceration: Refers to local tissue defects due to necrosis, occurs in mucosal surfaces (mouth, stomach) and may affect the skin.
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
- Complete resolution and restoration of normal tissue.
- Abscess formation, particularly from infections by pyogenic organisms.
- Healing through connective tissue replacement (fibrosis), often after significant tissue damage.
- Progression to chronic inflammation if the acute response is ineffective.
Chronic Inflammation
- Definition: Extended inflammation lasting weeks to years, featuring ongoing tissue injury and repair processes.
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Causes:
- Persistent infections
- Prolonged exposure to toxic agents
- Hypersensitivity diseases
- Chronic conditions stemming from acute inflammation
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Morphological Features:
- Infiltration by mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells).
- Tissue destruction caused by inflammatory cell products.
- Repair attempts through fibrosis and angiogenesis.
Cells Involved in Chronic Inflammation
- Macrophages: Key players that can differentiate into specialized forms like Kupffer cells (liver) and microglial cells (CNS).
- Lymphocytes: Integral to autoimmune and chronic inflammatory processes; B cells become plasma cells, T cells secrete cytokines.
- Eosinophils: Important in allergic responses and parasitic infections, with cytotoxic granules that can damage host tissues.
- Mast Cells: Participates in both acute and chronic inflammation, releasing histamine upon activation.
Granulomatous Inflammation
- Definition: A specific pattern of chronic inflammation featuring granulomas, which are clusters of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes.
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Types:
- Foreign Body Granulomas: Triggered by non-degradable materials.
- Immune Granulomas: Related to immune responses against persistent antigens.
- Noncaseating Granulomas: Lack central necrosis; associated with conditions like sarcoidosis.
- Caseating Granulomas: Exhibit central necrosis; characteristic of tuberculosis and certain fungal infections.
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
- Local signs include heat, redness, edema, pain, and loss of function (Celsus criteria).
- Systemic signs grouped as acute phase responses include alterations triggered by cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6.
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Acute Phase Reaction: Manifestations include fever, increased acute phase proteins, leukocytosis, and in severe cases, septic shock.
- Fever: Elevated temperature coordinated by the hypothalamus, often due to cytokine action.
- Acute Phase Proteins: Liver-synthesized proteins (e.g., CRP, fibrinogen) increase in concentration during inflammation, useful as clinical markers.
- Leukocytosis: A spike in white blood cell count, typically in bacterial infections; neutrophils dominate.
- Leukopenia: Reduced white blood cells, commonly seen in typhoid fever.
- Additional Symptoms: Elevated heart rate, reduced sweating, chills, and malaise.
- Septic Shock: Severe bacterial infections may lead to systemic inflammation, coagulation dysregulation, and hypotensive shock.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of acute and chronic inflammation as discussed in the lecture. Students will explore various morphological patterns and the systemic effects of inflammation, along with identifying specific cells involved. Prepare to test your understanding of these critical concepts in pathology.
