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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of inflammation in living tissues?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation in living tissues?
Which characteristic distinguishes acute inflammation from chronic inflammation?
Which characteristic distinguishes acute inflammation from chronic inflammation?
Which of the following correctly describes a type of acute inflammation?
Which of the following correctly describes a type of acute inflammation?
What occurs first in the process of acute inflammation following tissue injury?
What occurs first in the process of acute inflammation following tissue injury?
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What is a potential outcome of acute inflammation?
What is a potential outcome of acute inflammation?
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What characterizes a carbuncle?
What characterizes a carbuncle?
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Which organism is primarily associated with the development of carbuncles?
Which organism is primarily associated with the development of carbuncles?
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What might occur if an acute abscess is not drained?
What might occur if an acute abscess is not drained?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by the secretion of fibrinolysins and streptokinase?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the secretion of fibrinolysins and streptokinase?
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What is a fistula?
What is a fistula?
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What triggers the constriction of arterioles during vascular changes?
What triggers the constriction of arterioles during vascular changes?
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Which process is primarily responsible for the redness and heat at the site of injury?
Which process is primarily responsible for the redness and heat at the site of injury?
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What is the correct sequence of leukocyte emigration?
What is the correct sequence of leukocyte emigration?
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What role do opsonins play in the immune response?
What role do opsonins play in the immune response?
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What mediates the increase in vascular permeability during inflammation?
What mediates the increase in vascular permeability during inflammation?
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Which statement correctly describes chemotaxis?
Which statement correctly describes chemotaxis?
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What is the main component of inflammatory exudate that helps in destroying bacteria?
What is the main component of inflammatory exudate that helps in destroying bacteria?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of inflammatory exudate?
Which of the following is NOT a function of inflammatory exudate?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by excess mucous secretion?
What type of inflammation is characterized by excess mucous secretion?
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Which of the following correctly describes the composition of pus?
Which of the following correctly describes the composition of pus?
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What is the primary cause of allergic inflammation?
What is the primary cause of allergic inflammation?
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In which type of inflammation do bacteria produce potent exotoxins leading to necrosis and exudation?
In which type of inflammation do bacteria produce potent exotoxins leading to necrosis and exudation?
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What is the defining characteristic of a furuncle?
What is the defining characteristic of a furuncle?
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What is the fate of serofibrinous inflammation in the body?
What is the fate of serofibrinous inflammation in the body?
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What term describes localized suppurative inflammation resulting in a pus-filled cavity?
What term describes localized suppurative inflammation resulting in a pus-filled cavity?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized primarily by tissue destruction and marked disease?
Which type of inflammation is characterized primarily by tissue destruction and marked disease?
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What is one of the primary roles of fibrinogen during inflammation?
What is one of the primary roles of fibrinogen during inflammation?
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Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilatation in the inflammatory response?
Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilatation in the inflammatory response?
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What is NOT a local sign of acute inflammation?
What is NOT a local sign of acute inflammation?
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Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by excessive clear watery fluid exudates?
Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by excessive clear watery fluid exudates?
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What effect does inflammatory exudate have on tissues?
What effect does inflammatory exudate have on tissues?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical mediator of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical mediator of inflammation?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of abscesses?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of abscesses?
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What is the primary function of leukocyte recruitment during inflammation?
What is the primary function of leukocyte recruitment during inflammation?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of granulomas?
What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of granulomas?
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Which cell types are primarily involved in chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
Which cell types are primarily involved in chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
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What is a common fate of chronic inflammation?
What is a common fate of chronic inflammation?
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Which feature is less prominent in chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
Which feature is less prominent in chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
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How does the onset of chronic inflammation typically differ from acute inflammation?
How does the onset of chronic inflammation typically differ from acute inflammation?
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Study Notes
Inflammation Lecture Notes
- Definition: A vital process where living tissues react to injury as a protective response to localize and eliminate the injury.
Types of Inflammation
-
Acute Inflammation:
- Rapid onset
- Short duration (minutes to days)
- Exudative (increased fluid)
-
Chronic Inflammation:
- Gradual onset
- Longer duration (days to years)
- Productive (granulation tissue formation)
- Fibrosis (scar tissue formation)
Causes of Inflammation
- Physical: Trauma, heat, cold, irradiation
- Chemical: Acids, alkalies
- Infective: Bacteria, viruses, parasites
Acute Inflammation: Mechanisms
-
Vascular Changes:
- Vasoconstriction (brief) followed by vasodilation (increased blood flow)
- Increased vascular permeability (leakage of fluids)
- Stasis (slowing of blood flow)
-
Leukocyte (white blood cell) emigration:
- Margination (leukocytes move to vessel walls)
- Rolling (leukocytes temporarily adhere to endothelium)
- Adhesion (leukocytes firmly attach to endothelium)
- Transmigration (leukocytes pass through endothelium)
- Chemotaxis (leukocytes follow chemical signals to injury site)
- Phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying pathogens)
Acute Inflammation: Components of Pus
- Living and dead microorganisms
- Liquefied necrotic tissue
- Neutrophils and macrophages
- Other inflammatory cells
- Fluid exudates
Suppurative Inflammation
- Pathogenesis of Pus Formation: Pyogenic organisms lead to tissue destruction, PNL kill, proteolytic enzymes liquefy necrotic tissue, and fluid mixes with inflammatory exudates.
- Composition of Pus: Contains living/dead microorganisms, liquefied tissue, neutrophils/macrophages, other cells, and fluid exudates.
Types of Acute Inflammation
- Suppurative: Localized (abscesses), diffuse (cellulitis, empyema)
- Non-suppurative: Allergic (allergic nasal polyp), serofibrinous (acute lobar pneumonia), serous (blisters, herpes simplex), membranous (diphtheria).
Signs of Acute Inflammation (Local and Systemic)
- Local: Redness, heat, swelling/edema, pain, and loss of function
- Systemic: Fever, leukocytosis
Chronic Abscess: Complications
- Chronic abscess due to inadequately treated acute abscess.
- Blood spread (toxemia/septicaemia).
- Lymphatic spread (lymphangitis/lymphadenitis).
- Healing complications (ulcers, keloids, sinus fistulas).
Fistula Definition
- An abnormal tract formed by septic granulation tissue that connects two cavities or between hollow viscera and the surface.
Cellulitis
- Definition: A diffuse type of suppurative inflammation.
- Cause: Often caused by Streptococcus bacteria, which spread via toxins, enzymes (fibrinolysins, hyaluronidase)
- Site spread: commonly the subcutaneous tissue of the extremities.
- Mm: Phlegmonous inflammation
Chronic Injuries
- Cause: Injurious agent persistence (TB).
- Intervention: Interference with healing due to persistence of causative agent.
- Outcome: tissue damage and scarring.
Chronic Inflammation
- Cause: Progression from acute inflammation, recurrent episodes of acute inflammation, or chronic inflammation de novo.
- Types: Chronic non-specific inflammation, chronic specific inflammation (granulomas).
Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation Comparison
| Feature | Acute Inflammation | Chronic Inflammation |
|---|---|---|
| Onset | Sudden | Gradual |
| Duration | Short (minutes to days) | Long (weeks to months) |
| Local Signs | Prominent | Less prominent |
| Vascular Phenomenon | Prominent | Less prominent |
| Toxaemia | Acute | Chronic |
| Microscopy (Cells) | Neutrophils/macrophage | Lymphocytes/plasma cells |
| Microscopy (Blood Vessels) | Dilated, thin-walled | |
| Microscopy (Inflammation) | Exudative | Productive, amyloidosis/fibrosis |
Assignment
- Attach a YouTube link illustrating leukocyte emigration to the assignment box.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to inflammation, including its definition, types (acute and chronic), and causes. It also delves into the mechanisms of acute inflammation, highlighting vascular changes and leukocyte emigration. Test your understanding of this critical protective response to injury.
