Acute and Chronic Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What is the duration of acute inflammation?

  • minutes, several hours, or a few days (correct)
  • hours, days, or weeks
  • weeks, months, or years
  • seconds, minutes, or hours

    • Which type of leukocyte has eosinophilic granules?

  • Eosinophil (correct)
  • Basophil
  • Neutrophil
  • Monocyte

    • What is a characteristic of mild inflammatory reactions?

  • Little or no tissue destruction (correct)
  • Moderate tissue damage
  • Severe tissue destruction
  • Abundant exudation

    • What occurs in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Lymphocytes and macrophages predominate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neutrophils?

    <p>To phagocytose bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of severe inflammatory reactions?

    <p>Considerable tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of granules do basophils have?

    <p>Basophilic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of acute inflammation?

    <p>Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of acute inflammation?

    <p>Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins, and emigration of leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pain in inflammation?

    <p>Irritation of the nerve endings by chemical mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased vascular permeability in inflammation?

    <p>Leakage of exudate and entry of plasma proteins and leukocytes into the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are predominantly involved in acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events in acute inflammation?

    <p>Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leakage of exudate, margination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of redness of tissue in inflammation?

    <p>Vascular dilatation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of leukocyte emigration in inflammation?

    <p>Adhesion and margination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammation response?

    <p>Participation in phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are abundant at sites of inflammation in diseases of immunologic or allergic origin?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of macrophages?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of epithelioid cells?

    <p>Ovoid nucleus with angular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macrophages are found in the liver?

    <p>Kupffer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

    <p>Cellular mediators of immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of plasma cells?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of basophils and mast cells in response to antigen-antibody complexes?

    <p>Release of histamine and heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of histamine on blood vessels during inflammation?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation?

    <p>Escape of protein-rich fluid into the extravascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells produce nitric oxide during inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages and endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of nitric oxide on smooth muscle cells during inflammation?

    <p>Relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of stasis during acute inflammation?

    <p>Concentration of red cells in small vessels and increased viscosity of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histamine during inflammation?

    <p>Increase blood flow to the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of leukocyte migration through the vascular wall during inflammation?

    <p>Accumulation of leukocytes in the extravascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of acute inflammation that leads to redness and swelling?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities?

    <p>Exudation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of margination in the inflammatory response?

    <p>To allow leukocytes to accumulate along the endothelial surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which leukocytes move slowly along the endothelium cells?

    <p>Rolling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in the inflammatory response?

    <p>To facilitate the binding of leukocytes with endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which leukocytes escape from venules and small veins?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the contraction of endothelial cells during the inflammatory response?

    <p>The widening of interendothelial junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammatory extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, cellular debris, and a specific gravity above 1.020?

    <p>Exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final stage of the cellular response in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammation Characteristics

    • Acute inflammation: rapid in onset (seconds or minutes), short duration (minutes, hours, or few days), characterized by exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema), and emigration of leukocytes (predominantly neutrophils)
    • Chronic inflammation: longer duration, associated with presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue injury

    Degree of Severity

    • Mild reactions: little or no tissue destruction, slight evidence of vascular involvement (hyperemia and edema), little exudation
    • Moderate reactions: some damage to host tissue, visible host reaction to injury, manifest by leukocytic accumulation and vascular phenomena
    • Severe reactions: considerable tissue damage, abundant exudation

    Duration of Inflammatory Reactions

    • All inflammatory reactions have a beginning and most have an end
    • Character of the evolving reaction can change over time

    Per Acute Inflammation

    • Manifests very soon after initiation (only a few hours)
    • Caused by a potent stimulus
    • Slight edema, hyperemia, hemorrhage, and few leukocytes beginning to infiltrate the damaged tissue

    Cells of Inflammatory Exudates

    • Three basic types of white blood cells involved in inflammatory reaction: polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granulocytes), eosinophils, and basophils

    Neutrophils

    • First leukocytes to gather at sites of acute inflammation
    • Cells of the cellular defense system against bacteria
    • Major functions:
      • Participation in phagocytosis
      • Ingest, neutralize, and destroy ingested particles
      • Release of lytic lysosomal enzymes
      • Formation of chemotactic factors

    Eosinophils

    • Abundant at sites of inflammation in diseases of immunologic or allergic origin
    • Prominent in reactions caused by parasites
    • Eosinophil-specific chemotaxis has been defined
    • Responsive to antigen-antibody complexes

    Basophils and Mast Cells

    • Both cells release heparin and histamine in response to antigen-antibody complexes

    Monocytes and Macrophages

    • Originate from circulating monocytes of bone marrow origin
    • Larger than neutrophils
    • Possess gray-blue cytoplasm filled with very fine granules
    • Major function: phagocytosis
    • Contain phagocytic inclusions (phagosomes) that enclose bacteria, cell debris, and lipid residues from dead cell membranes
    • Source of multinucleated giant cells present in some chronic inflammatory reactions
    • Another type of macrophage seen in some chronic reactions: epithelioid cell
    • Large, pale-staining macrophages with ovoid nucleus and angular shape resembling epithelial cells

    Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells

    • Both involved in the immune response
    • Cellular mediators of both immediate antibody response and delayed cellular hypersensitivity response
    • Lymphocytes originate in lymphoid tissue, such as lymph nodes, spleen
    • Plasma cells originate from lymphocytes committed to antibody production

    Types of Inflammation

    • Inflammation is divided into acute and chronic patterns

    Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation

    • Heat (increased temperature) caused by increased blood flow
    • Pain caused by irritation of nerve endings by chemical mediators
    • Swelling of tissue caused by vascular dilatation and accumulation of inflammatory fluid and cellular exudate
    • Redness of tissue caused by vascular dilatation
    • Loss of movement or function due to pain and tissue damage

    Components of Inflammation

    • Alterations in vascular caliber that lead to increased blood flow (vasodilatation)
    • Structural changes in the microvasculature that permit plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation (increased vascular permeability)
    • Emigration of leukocytes from the microcirculation, their accumulation in the focus of injury, and their activation to eliminate the offending agent (cellular recruitment and activation)

    Acute Inflammation Sequence of Events

    • Vasodilation
    • Increased vascular permeability
    • Leakage of exudate
    • Margination, rolling, adhesion
    • Chemotaxis
    • Phagocytosis

    Vascular Changes

    • Changes in vascular flow and caliber begin early after injury and develop at varying rates depending on the severity of the injury
    • Vasodilation is one of the earliest manifestations of acute inflammation
    • Vasodilation first involves arterioles and then results in opening of new capillary beds in the area

    Chemical Mediators of Acute Inflammation

    • Chemical mediators are chemical factors derived from plasma and cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, endothelium, smooth muscles, fibroblasts, platelets, and damaged tissue cells
    • Chemical mediators act by binding to specific receptors on target cells

    Histamine

    • Released from mast cells
    • Increases blood flow to the area and leakage of fluid and proteins from the blood into the tissue space
    • Produces redness and swelling associated with inflammation

    Nitric Oxide

    • Produced by endothelial cells and macrophages
    • Causes smooth muscle relaxation in the vessel wall (vasodilation) and reduces platelet activation and aggregation

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    Explore the differences between acute and chronic inflammation, including their timelines, characteristics, and effects on the body.

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