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What is a primary effector in granulomatous inflammation?
What characterizes the duration of acute inflammation compared to chronic inflammation?
What are multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) formed from?
Which type of cells are primarily involved in chronic inflammation?
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Which characteristic is typically absent in chronic inflammation?
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Which term describes a lesion that appears in a single inflamed area within a tissue?
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What is the typical duration of acute inflammation?
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Which of the following represents a common characteristic of peracute inflammation?
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Which cardinal sign of inflammation describes the sensation of heat in the inflamed area?
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What type of inflammatory process typically results in several foci separated by normal tissue?
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Which of the following is NOT a gross lesion associated with acute inflammation?
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What leads to the pain sensation in the inflamed area?
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Which type of inflammation involves all tissues or organs affected?
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What does the suffix '-itis' signify in medical terminology?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of inflammation?
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What is the primary protective function of inflammation?
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Which term best describes inflammation of the pleura?
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Which type of irritant is NOT associated with chemical causes of inflammation?
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In terms of inflammation, what does the term 'acute' refer to?
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What is the consequence if animals do not experience inflammation?
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Which of the following is a type of endogenous cause of inflammation?
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Which characteristic is associated with acute hemorrhagic inflammation?
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What is a common cause of chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following describes the gross appearance of chronic inflammation?
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Which cell type is primarily involved in the acute inflammatory response?
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What is true about the microscopic features of chronic inflammation?
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Which statement regarding epithelioid cells is correct?
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Which of the following describes the consistency of chronic inflammation tissue?
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Which cell type plays a crucial role in allergic diseases?
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What is one major reason for loss of function in an inflamed area?
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Which term describes the migration of blood leukocytes to extravascular tissue?
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What characterizes serous inflammation?
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What type of inflammation commonly occurs in the respiratory and digestive tracts?
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Which type of exudate is associated with the presence of pus?
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What can influence the consistency of pus in different animals?
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What is typically observed microscopically in catarrhal inflammation?
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Which inflammatory condition is characterized by clear to slightly opaque thick gelatinous fluid?
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Study Notes
Inflammation Definition
- Inflammation is a protective reaction of vascularized living tissue to injury
- It's from the Latin word "inflammare" meaning "setting something on fire"
Nomenclature
- Inflammation of a specific organ or tissue is indicated by adding "-itis" to the Latin name of the organ
- For example: Dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)
- "-itis" in medicine signifies "inflammation of"
- Some words denoting inflammation don't end with "-itis," like pleurisy (inflammation of pleura), and pneumonia (inflammation of the lung)
Causes of Inflammation
- Inflammation can be caused by various irritants including:
- Infectious agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
- Physical irritants: Excessive heat or cold, ionizing radiation, heatstroke
- Chemical irritants: Caustic agents, poisons, venom
- Nutritive irritants: Ischemia, vitamin deficiencies
- Endogenous causes: Hypersensitivity, autoimmune reactions
Functions of Inflammation
- Inflammation is often a protective mechanism with the following purposes:
- Dilute, isolate, and eliminate the causative agent
- Repair tissue damage resulting from the injury
- Without inflammation, animals wouldn't survive interactions with environmental microbes, foreign materials, trauma, degenerate, senescent, and neoplastic cells
Classification of Inflammation
- Classified according to:
Distribution
- Focal: Single inflamed area within a tissue, sizes range from 1mm to several centimeters - Multifocal: Several foci separated by normal tissue, variable size - Locally extensive (focally extensive): Involved a considerable area within an organ - Diffuse inflammation: Involve all the tissue or organ where the inflammation is presentSeverity
- Mild, moderate, and severeDuration
- Peracute inflammation: - Caused by potent stimuli like African swine fever, clostridial infection, Avian influenza, African horse sickness, and anthrax - Short course, often sudden death, no time for morphological response - Lesions: Hyperemia, slight edema, hemorrhage, and few inflammatory cells - Acute inflammation: - Short-term process (hours to days) - Appears within minutes or hours after exposure to the causative agent - Progresses rapidly to resolution or chronic inflammation - Lesions: - Gross Lesions: - Redness (Rubor) - Hotness (Calor) - Swelling (Tumor) - Pain (Dolor) - Loss of function (Functiolaesa) - Microscopic Lesions - Vascular congestion: Distension of blood vessels with blood - Leukocytic infiltration: Migration of blood leukocytes into extravascular tissue - Presence of exudate (inflammatory fluid): Character depends on the agent, site, and animal species - Exudate Types: - Serous inflammation: Clear to slightly yellow watery fluid leaks from tissue or forms vesicles - Catarrhal inflammation: Occurs in mucous membranes, characterized by mucous (thick gelatinous fluid) - Purulent (suppurative) inflammation: Caused by pyogenic bacteria, characterized by pus (creamy fluid) - Hemorrhagic inflammation: Presence of blood in inflammatory exudate - Fibrinous inflammation: Presence of fibrin in inflammatory exudate - Chronic inflammation: - Prolonged duration (weeks to years) - Characterized by chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroplasia - Causes: - Failure of acute inflammatory response to eliminate the causative agent - Repeated episodes of acute inflammation - Unique biochemical characteristics of the causative agents - Gross picture: - Color: Gray to white due to infiltrates of macrophages and lymphocytes, fibrosis - Consistency: Firm due to fibrosis and solidification of exudate - Shape: Irregular due to random accumulation of leukocytes, contraction of the lesion - Microscopic picture: - Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate: Lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, epithelioid cells, and sometimes multinucleate giant cells - Fibroplasia: Proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen
Inflammatory Cells
Acute Inflammatory Cells
- Neutrophils: First leukocyte recruited, major cell in suppurative inflammations
- Mast cells: Initiate acute inflammatory response
- Eosinophils: Crucial role in allergic and parasitic diseases
- Basophils: Critical role in allergic diseases
Chronic Inflammatory Cells
- Macrophages: Primary effectors in granulomatous inflammation, differentiate to epithelioid cells, fuse to form multinucleated giant cells (MGCs)
- Lymphocytes: Cornerstone of adaptive immune response
- Epithelioid cells: Larger than activated macrophages, abundant cytoplasm, diminished phagocytic capacity, function not fully understood but suggested mainly extracellular secretion
- Multinucleated giant cells: Formed by fusing activated macrophages, have two or more nuclei
Differences Between Acute and Chronic Inflammation
| Criteria | Acute Inflammation | Chronic Inflammation |
|---|---|---|
| Duration | Short | Long |
| Cardinal signs | Present | Usually absent |
| Inflammatory cells | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and sometimes lymphocytes and/or macrophages | Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and sometimes MGCs |
| Vascular changes | Vasodilatation with increased permeability | Absent |
| Fluid exudate | Present | Usually absent |
| Fibroplasia | Absent | Present |
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Description
This quiz explores the definition of inflammation, its nomenclature, and the various causes of this physiological response. You'll learn how inflammation is indicated in medical terminology and the different irritants that can trigger it. Test your knowledge of this essential biological process!
