Inflammation: Definition and Causes
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary effector in granulomatous inflammation?

  • Mast cells
  • Epithelial cells
  • Basophils
  • Activated macrophages (correct)

    • What characterizes the duration of acute inflammation compared to chronic inflammation?

  • Acute inflammation lasts indefinitely
  • Chronic inflammation lasts longer (correct)
  • Chronic inflammation has a rapid onset
  • Acute inflammation is prolonged

    • What are multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) formed from?

  • Activation of lymphocytes
  • Fusing two or more activated macrophages (correct)
  • Division of plasma cells
  • Fusion of multiple epithelial cells

    • Which type of cells are primarily involved in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is typically absent in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Fluid exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a lesion that appears in a single inflamed area within a tissue?

    <p>Focal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of acute inflammation?

    <p>A few hours to a few days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a common characteristic of peracute inflammation?

    <p>Absence of an immediate morphological response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardinal sign of inflammation describes the sensation of heat in the inflamed area?

    <p>Calor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammatory process typically results in several foci separated by normal tissue?

    <p>Multifocal inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a gross lesion associated with acute inflammation?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the pain sensation in the inflamed area?

    <p>Stimulation of sensory nerve endings by pressure and chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflammation involves all tissues or organs affected?

    <p>Diffuse inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the suffix '-itis' signify in medical terminology?

    <p>Inflammation of a specific organ or tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of inflammation?

    <p>Excessive physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary protective function of inflammation?

    <p>Diluting and eliminating causative agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes inflammation of the pleura?

    <p>Pleurisy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of irritant is NOT associated with chemical causes of inflammation?

    <p>Poor nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of inflammation, what does the term 'acute' refer to?

    <p>Rapid onset of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence if animals do not experience inflammation?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of endogenous cause of inflammation?

    <p>Vitamin deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with acute hemorrhagic inflammation?

    <p>Dilated blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Repeated episodes of acute inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the gross appearance of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Gray to white due to macrophage infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily involved in the acute inflammatory response?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the microscopic features of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Abundant macrophages and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding epithelioid cells is correct?

    <p>They possess abundant cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the consistency of chronic inflammation tissue?

    <p>Firm due to fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type plays a crucial role in allergic diseases?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major reason for loss of function in an inflamed area?

    <p>Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the migration of blood leukocytes to extravascular tissue?

    <p>Leukocytic infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes serous inflammation?

    <p>Clear to slightly yellow watery fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation commonly occurs in the respiratory and digestive tracts?

    <p>Catarrhal inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exudate is associated with the presence of pus?

    <p>Purulent (suppurative) exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influence the consistency of pus in different animals?

    <p>Presence of proteolytic enzymes in neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed microscopically in catarrhal inflammation?

    <p>Presence of mucin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflammatory condition is characterized by clear to slightly opaque thick gelatinous fluid?

    <p>Catarrhal inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammation Definition

    • Inflammation is a protective reaction of vascularized living tissue to injury
    • It's from the Latin word "inflammare" meaning "setting something on fire"

    Nomenclature

    • Inflammation of a specific organ or tissue is indicated by adding "-itis" to the Latin name of the organ
    • For example: Dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)
    • "-itis" in medicine signifies "inflammation of"
    • Some words denoting inflammation don't end with "-itis," like pleurisy (inflammation of pleura), and pneumonia (inflammation of the lung)

    Causes of Inflammation

    • Inflammation can be caused by various irritants including:
      • Infectious agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
      • Physical irritants: Excessive heat or cold, ionizing radiation, heatstroke
      • Chemical irritants: Caustic agents, poisons, venom
      • Nutritive irritants: Ischemia, vitamin deficiencies
      • Endogenous causes: Hypersensitivity, autoimmune reactions

    Functions of Inflammation

    • Inflammation is often a protective mechanism with the following purposes:
      • Dilute, isolate, and eliminate the causative agent
      • Repair tissue damage resulting from the injury
    • Without inflammation, animals wouldn't survive interactions with environmental microbes, foreign materials, trauma, degenerate, senescent, and neoplastic cells

    Classification of Inflammation

    • Classified according to:

      Distribution

        -  Focal: Single inflamed area within a tissue, sizes range from 1mm to several centimeters
  - Multifocal: Several foci separated by normal tissue, variable size
  - Locally extensive (focally extensive): Involved a considerable area within an organ
  - Diffuse inflammation: Involve all the tissue or organ where the inflammation is present

      Severity

        - Mild, moderate, and severe

      Duration

        - Peracute inflammation: 
      - Caused by potent stimuli like African swine fever, clostridial infection, Avian influenza, African horse sickness, and anthrax
      - Short course, often sudden death, no time for morphological response
      - Lesions: Hyperemia, slight edema, hemorrhage, and few inflammatory cells
  - Acute inflammation: 
      - Short-term process (hours to days)
      - Appears within minutes or hours after exposure to the causative agent
      - Progresses rapidly to resolution or chronic inflammation
      - Lesions:
          - Gross Lesions: 
              - Redness (Rubor) 
              - Hotness (Calor)
              - Swelling (Tumor)
              - Pain (Dolor)
              - Loss of function (Functiolaesa)
          - Microscopic Lesions
              - Vascular congestion: Distension of blood vessels with blood
              - Leukocytic infiltration: Migration of blood leukocytes into extravascular tissue
              - Presence of exudate (inflammatory fluid): Character depends on the agent, site, and animal species
      - Exudate Types:
          - Serous inflammation: Clear to slightly yellow watery fluid leaks from tissue or forms vesicles
          - Catarrhal inflammation: Occurs in mucous membranes, characterized by mucous (thick gelatinous fluid)
          - Purulent (suppurative) inflammation: Caused by pyogenic bacteria, characterized by pus (creamy fluid)
          - Hemorrhagic inflammation: Presence of blood in inflammatory exudate
          - Fibrinous inflammation: Presence of fibrin in inflammatory exudate
  - Chronic inflammation:
      - Prolonged duration (weeks to years)
      - Characterized by chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and fibroplasia
      - Causes:
          - Failure of acute inflammatory response to eliminate the causative agent
          - Repeated episodes of acute inflammation
          - Unique biochemical characteristics of the causative agents
      - Gross picture:
          - Color: Gray to white due to infiltrates of macrophages and lymphocytes, fibrosis
          - Consistency: Firm due to fibrosis and solidification of exudate
          - Shape: Irregular due to random accumulation of leukocytes, contraction of the lesion 
      - Microscopic picture:
          - Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate: Lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, epithelioid cells, and sometimes multinucleate giant cells
          - Fibroplasia: Proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen

    Inflammatory Cells

    Acute Inflammatory Cells

    • Neutrophils: First leukocyte recruited, major cell in suppurative inflammations
    • Mast cells: Initiate acute inflammatory response
    • Eosinophils: Crucial role in allergic and parasitic diseases
    • Basophils: Critical role in allergic diseases

    Chronic Inflammatory Cells

    • Macrophages: Primary effectors in granulomatous inflammation, differentiate to epithelioid cells, fuse to form multinucleated giant cells (MGCs)
    • Lymphocytes: Cornerstone of adaptive immune response
    • Epithelioid cells: Larger than activated macrophages, abundant cytoplasm, diminished phagocytic capacity, function not fully understood but suggested mainly extracellular secretion
    • Multinucleated giant cells: Formed by fusing activated macrophages, have two or more nuclei

    Differences Between Acute and Chronic Inflammation

    Criteria Acute Inflammation Chronic Inflammation
    Duration Short Long
    Cardinal signs Present Usually absent
    Inflammatory cells Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and sometimes lymphocytes and/or macrophages Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and sometimes MGCs
    Vascular changes Vasodilatation with increased permeability Absent
    Fluid exudate Present Usually absent
    Fibroplasia Absent Present

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    Description

    This quiz explores the definition of inflammation, its nomenclature, and the various causes of this physiological response. You'll learn how inflammation is indicated in medical terminology and the different irritants that can trigger it. Test your knowledge of this essential biological process!

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