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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of inflammation?
What is the purpose of inflammation?
What are the five Rs of the inflammatory response?
What are the five Rs of the inflammatory response?
Recognition, Recruitment, Removal, Regulation, Resolution
What characterizes acute inflammation?
What characterizes acute inflammation?
Rapid onset, short duration, neutrophilic leukocyte accumulation
Which cells are major components in the recruitment of leukocytes during inflammation?
Which cells are major components in the recruitment of leukocytes during inflammation?
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Chronic inflammation has a shorter duration compared to acute inflammation.
Chronic inflammation has a shorter duration compared to acute inflammation.
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What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Acute inflammation is associated with _____ leukocyte accumulation.
Acute inflammation is associated with _____ leukocyte accumulation.
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Which of the following stimuli can lead to acute inflammation?
Which of the following stimuli can lead to acute inflammation?
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What are pattern recognition receptors?
What are pattern recognition receptors?
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Match the type of inflammation with its characteristics:
Match the type of inflammation with its characteristics:
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Study Notes
Inflammation Overview
- Inflammation is a protective response involving host cells, blood vessels, proteins, and mediators.
- The primary purposes are to eliminate the cause of cell injury and initiate tissue repair.
Mechanisms of Inflammation
- Inflammation promotes dilution, destruction, and neutralization of harmful agents (e.g., microbes, toxins).
- Isolation of affected areas and repair of damaged tissues are also key roles.
- Although essential for defense, inflammation can cause significant harm during its response.
Agents of Host Defense
- Inflammation involves cells and molecules, plasma proteins, and leukocytes (white blood cells).
- The goal is to transport these agents to the site of infection or damage.
Steps of Inflammatory Response
- REMEMBER: The five Rs
- Recognition of injurious agent
- Recruitment of leukocytes
- Removal of the agent
- Regulation (control) of the response
- Resolution (repair)
Types of Inflammation
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Acute Inflammation
- Rapid onset, lasting from minutes to days.
- Characterized by fluid and plasma protein exudation with neutrophilic leukocyte accumulation.
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Chronic Inflammation
- More insidious with extended duration (days to years).
- Involves lymphocytes, macrophages, tissue destruction, vascular proliferation, and fibrosis (scarring).
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Calor: Heat from vasodilation.
- Rubor: Redness from vasodilation.
- Tumor: Swelling due to edema.
- Dolor: Pain from local release of prostaglandins and kinins.
- Functio laesa: Loss or impairment of function.
Termination of Inflammation
- Inflammation ceases once the offending agent is removed, though the reaction can sometimes lead to disease.
Major Components of Acute Inflammation
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Vascular Changes:
- Vasodilation increases blood flow.
- Enhanced vascular permeability results in edema.
- Endothelial cell activation facilitates leukocyte migration.
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Cellular Events:
- Cellular emigration and recruitment of leukocytes.
- Activation of leukocytes to respond to injury.
Stimuli for Acute Inflammation
- Infectious agents (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) and microbial toxins.
- Physical trauma (both blunt and penetrating) and chemical agents.
- Tissue necrosis from ischemia and other causes.
- Presence of foreign bodies (e.g., splinters, dirt).
- Immune reactions, including hypersensitivity.
Recognition of Agents
- Cells utilize receptors to identify infectious pathogens and dead cell products.
- Key players include phagocytes, dendritic cells, and other epithelial cells.
Key Receptor Families
- Toll-like Receptors: Ten mammalian types that detect pathogens.
- Inflammasome: Multi-protein complex recognizing products of dead cells (e.g., uric acid, ATP, crystals).
Recruitment of Leukocytes
- Central to the inflammatory response, involving the movement and accumulation of leukocytes to the site of injury or infection.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of acute and chronic inflammation, focusing on the protective responses of host cells, blood vessels, and inflammatory mediators. It aims to deepen understanding of inflammation's role in healing and response to injury.
