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Questions and Answers
What defines azoospermia?
After how long of trying to conceive without contraceptives is a marriage considered infertile?
Which condition is considered an absolute indication for in vitro fertilization (IVF)?
What should be the primary focus when evaluating an infertile couple?
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Which is NOT an indication for artificial insemination?
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What does primary infertility describe?
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What factor contributes to male infertility in infertile marriages?
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Which medication class is commonly used for medical abortions?
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What characterizes secondary infertility?
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Which factors contribute to female infertility?
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Which medical conditions solely characterize endocrine infertility?
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When should the examination of an infertile couple begin?
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What is included in the diagnostic methods for infertility when indicated?
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Which medications are commonly used to stimulate ovulation?
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How long should the diagnosis process of infertility ideally take?
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What are main indications for IVF and embryo transfer?
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Study Notes
Azoospermia
- Absence of sperm in the ejaculate is the definition of azoospermia.
- Sperm concentration below the standard value is not azoospermia, but rather oligospermia.
- Sperm motility below the normative value is not azoospermia, but rather asthenospermia.
Infertility
- A marriage is considered infertile if pregnancy does not occur within 1 year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
In Vitro Fertilization
- Absolute indications for in vitro fertilization (IVF) include:
- Absence or obstruction of both fallopian tubes
- Absence of the uterus
Infertility Examination
- The primary indication for examining an infertile couple is an examination of the ejaculate (spermogram).
- Diagnostic laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, endometrial biopsy, and uterine smear cytology are also indicated depending on the suspected cause of infertility.
Types of Infertility
- Primary infertility refers to a couple who has never conceived.
- Secondary infertility refers to a couple who has previously conceived but is now unable to do so.
Causes of Infertility
- Male infertility is the cause of infertile marriages in 40-60% of cases.
- Female infertility factors include:
- Obstruction of the patency and contractility of the fallopian tubes
- Ovulation disorders
- Endometrial diseases and uterine malformations
- Immunological factors
Endocrine Infertility
- Endocrine infertility is characterized by ovulation disorders.
- Irregular menstruation and algomenstruation (painful menstruation) are symptoms, but not the defining characteristic.
Examination of an Infertile Couple
- Examination of an infertile couple typically begins with a man's evaluation.
- Hormonal studies, general clinical and gynecological bimanual exams are all important components of the examination process.
Ovulation Stimulation
- Medications used to stimulate ovulation include clomiphene.
- Estrogens and progestogens are not used to stimulate ovulation.
Diagnosis of Infertility
- Diagnosis of the causes of infertility should last no more than 3 months.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
- Assisted reproductive technologies encompass manipulations with embryonic material used to overcome infertility.
- IVF and embryo transfer are the primary examples of assisted reproductive technologies.
- Surgical restoration of patency of the fallopian tubes, correction of developmental defects of the genitals, and surrogacy are not considered assisted reproductive technologies.
- Surgical restoration of patency of the fallopian tubes, correction of developmental defects of the genitals, and surrogacy are examples of treatments for infertility.
Family Planning
- The goals of family planning are:
- The birth of wanted children
- A decrease in the frequency of unplanned pregnancies
- A decrease in the frequency of induced abortions
- A decrease in the maternal mortality rate
- A decrease in the perinatal mortality rate
Medical Abortion
- Antiprogestins and prostaglandins are used to perform a medical abortion.
- Gonadotropins, antibiotics, and estrogen-gestagens are not used for medical abortions.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to infertility, including definitions of azoospermia, oligospermia, and asthenospermia. It also discusses the indications for infertility examinations and the role of in vitro fertilization. Test your knowledge on these important topics in reproductive health.
