Inferring Mental States in Human Development

What is the primary benefit of humans' extended period of immaturity?

According to Figure 3.4, which brain regions are used to calculate the executive brain ratio?

What is a likely outcome of humans' extended period of immaturity?

What is one major factor that accompanies evolutionary increases in brain size?

What is the main difference between humans and other primates in terms of development?

What can be inferred about the relationship between brain development and social complexity?

What is the purpose of correcting for 'research effort' in the analysis?

What is a potential consequence of humans' extended period of immaturity?

What can be inferred about the relationship between brain size and innovation?

What is the significance of Figure 3.4 in the context of hominid evolution?

Imitation emerges in humans in the first year of life, while accurate performance on tests of reasoning about mental states emerges between 3 to 4 years.
A distinction can be made between conscious attribution of mental states and unconscious goal attribution required for imitation.

Chimpanzees and other apes are capable of 'true' imitation, learning a 'do-as-I-do' game.
Chimpanzees, but not macaque monkeys, can learn to imitate the goal of actions, rather than just the motor aspects.

Certain forms of higher math, such as algebra and multi-digit calculations, can be performed with ease using external tools like pen and paper, or calculator and computer.
These tools function as externalized working memories, enabling humans to escape the limitations of their own memory systems.
Symbols and tools can be seen as 'mind-expanding', allowing humans to offload certain cognitive capacities.

Brain size increases are correlated with the length of immaturity in humans.
Humans take an unusually long time to reach adulthood, which provides an extended window for learning and adapting to one's environment and culture.
The emphasis on social learning puts a new twist on the nature-nurture debate.

The frequency of social learning and innovation correlates with executive brain ratio in primates.
Greater dependency in early life provides rich opportunities for learning from one another.