Infectious Diseases Quiz

Respiratory System Review

• The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide
• Respiration involves inhalation and exhalation
• Lungs are spongy tissues filled with alveoli, blood vessels, and nerves
• Each lung is divided into lobes (right lung has 3, left lung has 2)
• Lungs are separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm
• Each lung is covered by a two-layered sac called the pleura
• A bony framework of ribs, sternum, and vertebrae protects the lungs

Defining Respiratory Terms

• SOBOE: Shortness of breath on exertion
• SOB: Shortness of breath
• Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low oxygen levels
• Dyspnea: Difficulty breathing
• Apnea: Absence of breathing
• Orthopnea: Difficulty breathing when lying down
• Hyperventilation: Rapid or deep breathing
• Sputum: Mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract
• Respiration: The process of breathing
• Wheezing: A whistling sound during breathing, often associated with narrowed airways

Oxygen Equipment Review

• Oxygen Sources: Wall outlets, oxygen tanks, oxygen concentrators
• Oxygen Concentrators: Require power
• Portable Units: Have an 8-hour oxygen supply
• Flow Rate: Should be known and adjusted as needed
• Oxygen Gauges: Should be understood and tanks replaced if low

Oxygen Administration Devices

• Nasal Cannula: Two prongs inserted into the nostrils; allows eating and talking; flow rate 2-5 L/min.
• Face Masks: Covers nose and mouth; moisture control; removing for eating; flow rate 5-10 L/min.
• Nebulizers: Administer medication; HCA responsibilities include recognizing when the medication is finished and turning the machine off to rinse the resident's face; offer water to rinse mouth.

Oxygen Safety

• Never remove oxygen devices without permission
• Check for signs of irritation (behind ears, under the nose, face)
• Masks and tubing are replaced on bath day
• Report any signs of hypoxia, respiratory distress, or abnormal breathing
• Report any oral hygiene concerns

Pneumonia

• An infection of lung tissue
• Alveoli fill with fluids such as pus and mucus
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is impeded
• Caused by bacteria, viruses, aspiration, or immobility
• Can cause serious illness and result in death
• Symptoms include fever, chills, painful cough, chest pain, rapid breathing, cyanosis, sputum, and confusion

Critical Thinking - Case Study (Mr. Bill)

• Mr. Bill, a 72-year-old resident, developed pneumonia.
• Physiological changes associated with aging and smoking contribute to higher pneumonia incidence in the elderly. (e.g., weakened immune system, declined lung function)
• Mortality rate of pneumonia needs to be researched and can vary depending on multiple factors
• A care plan should address Mr. Bill's needs which include his specific condition, medication regimen, and any mobility limitations.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• COPD is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompassing bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema.
• Smoking is the primary cause of COPD.
• COPD has no cure but can be managed with breathing exercises and oxygen therapy
• Encourage fluid intake

Asthma

• Air passages narrow causing dyspnea and wheezing
• Attacks triggered by allergies, exercise, cold air, smog, and emotional stress
• Attacks are sudden and frightening and can become intensified by fear
• Treatment focuses on medications to prevent and alleviate attacks and emergency treatment when necessary.

Critical Thinking - Case Study (Mr. Rogers)

• Mr. Rogers experienced an asthma attack due to a visit with his wife.
• Possible triggers include allergies or pollutants (e.g., flowers).
• Action plan should include administering quick-relief inhaler, ensuring safety, monitoring symptoms, recording symptoms and reporting concerns to the appropriate staff, documenting all actions taken, and recording resident's response to treatment.

Emphysema

• Alveoli enlarge and lose elasticity
• Some air is trapped in alveoli during exhalation
• O2/CO2 exchange is impaired.
• Key symptoms: shortness of breath (dyspnea) and cough
• Treatment includes antibiotics, oxygen therapy, medications to relieve pain, cough and fever, proper diet and hydration, and Fowler's or semi-Fowler's position for easier breathing

Tuberculosis (TB)

• A potentially serious, infectious lung disease
• Caused by bacteria spread via airborne droplets.
• Many strains now resistant to typical TB medications.
• Latent TB, where bacteria are inactive, may progress to active TB.
• Active TB can spread infection via coughing or sneezing.
• Symptoms include coughing up blood, fever, chills, chest pain, weight loss, night sweats, and a long-term cough.

Critical Thinking - Case Study (Mary)

• Mary, a 75-year-old with COPD, showed signs of possible TB reactivation.
• Previous exposure and weakened immune system due to COPD are increased risk factors for TB reactivation.
• Investigate detailed medical history, including TB exposures to obtain a comprehensive care plan and consider additional precautions appropriate to TB prevention and transmission.

Influenza (Flu)

• A viral infection of the respiratory system that includes the nose, throat, and lungs.
• Different from "stomach flu" which causes diarrhea and vomiting.
• Often resolves on its own
• People with weakened immune systems, older adults, and children are at higher risk for complications.

COVID-19

• A novel coronavirus that is readily transmitted from person-to-person.
• Spread via respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, and common greetings.
• Symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, new loss of taste or smell.
• Treatment is dependent on the severity and includes rest and hydration in mild cases and medications if needed.

Prevention of Virus Transmission

• Practice proper hand hygiene (soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer)
• Cover coughs and sneezes into the bend of your elbow, not your hands
• Dispose of tissues immediately
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
• Effective ways to prevent the spreading of these diseases include practicing social distancing and wearing a mask when necessary