Infectious Diseases Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the most effective way to prevent the spread of tuberculosis?

Covering your mouth when coughing or sneezing

Staying home during the first few weeks of treatment

Wearing a mask when around others

Ventilating the room with fresh air (correct)

What are some risk factors for the reactivation of latent tuberculosis?

Weakened immune system

Exposure to someone with active tuberculosis

Advanced age

All of the above (correct)

What symptoms should the HCA inquire about when suspecting a reactivation of latent tuberculosis?

Cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss (correct)

Muscle aches, joint pain, fatigue

Shortness of breath, chest pain, wheezing

Headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

Through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for tuberculosis?

Antibiotics (C) Signup and view all the answers

What care plan should the HCA recommend for Mary and her family?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of influenza?

Diarrhea (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is at higher risk of developing flu complications?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options are valid ways to spread the Coronavirus?

Breathing in someone's respiratory droplets. (A), Contact with animals that carry the virus. (B), Sharing food or utensils with someone who is infected. (C), Touching a contaminated surface and then touching your mouth or nose. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the potential symptoms of COVID-19?

All of the above. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the CDC's recommendation for preventing the spread of infection?

All of the above. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virus that causes COVID-19?

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a recommended way to control the spread of infection?

Sharing your toothbrush with others. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the Coronavirus that was first identified in the Middle East?

MERS CoV. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age for receiving the flu vaccination?

For everyone aged 6 months or older. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common symptom of COVID-19?

Sudden onset of blurry vision. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the alveoli in emphysema?

They enlarge and lose elasticity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment options are commonly recommended for emphysema?

Medications, hydration, and Fowler's position. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes latent TB from active TB?

Latent TB shows no symptoms; active TB is symptomatic. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is tuberculosis primarily spread?

Via tiny droplets from coughs and sneezes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of regular contact with ill individuals in relation to TB?

It increases the chances of TB bacteria exposure. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of treating latent TB?

It reduces the spread and progression to active TB. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can the risk of contracting TB be minimized?

By wearing a mask and frequent hand-washing. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of active TB?

It can make a person sick and is contagious. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT recommended to prevent the spread of COVID-19?

Gather in large groups (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for washing your hands with soap and water?

20 seconds (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum alcohol concentration required for hand sanitizer to be effective against COVID-19?

60% (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups should you limit contact with to prevent COVID-19 spread?

People with weakened immune systems (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice for people feeling sick?

Stay home and avoid contact with others (A) Signup and view all the answers

How long should household contacts avoid close contact with each other if one person is sick or has recently traveled?

14 days (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice for working at home if possible?

Talk to your employer about working from home (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice for avoiding closed spaces, crowded places, and close contact?

Stick to a small and consistent social circle (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of COPD?

Smoking (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of an asthma attack?

Decreased heart rate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for asthma?

Prevent or lessen attacks (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of paroxysmal dyspnea?

Intermittent spasms of shortness of breath (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could trigger an asthma attack?

Exposure to cold air (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of lung damage due to COPD on the body?

Decreased ability to expel sufficient air on exhalation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate action for the nurse to take when Mr. Rogers has an asthma attack?

Administer the inhaler as directed by his wife (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible explanation for Mr. Rogers' asthma attack in this scenario?

The excitement of his anniversary lunch caused an attack (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice when coughing or sneezing to prevent COVID-19 spread?

Cough into a tissue or the bend of your arm (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effective additional measure while out in public?

Wearing a non-medical mask (D) Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken immediately after using a tissue?

Dispose of it in a lined waste basket (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is true about masks in the context of COVID-19 prevention?

Masks must be combined with hygiene and distancing (C) Signup and view all the answers

What should you do to reduce the risk of infection from touching surfaces?

Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the flu vaccine is correct in context with coronavirus?

It helps prevent flu but does not protect against coronaviruses (C) Signup and view all the answers

When a resident shows symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, what precautionary measure should be taken?

Place the resident on droplet and contact precautions (B) Signup and view all the answers

How should meals be delivered to a resident on droplet and contact precautions?

Delivered with proper PPE to maintain safety (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System Review

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide
Respiration involves inhalation and exhalation
Lungs are spongy tissues filled with alveoli, blood vessels, and nerves
Each lung is divided into lobes (right lung has 3, left lung has 2)
Lungs are separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm
Each lung is covered by a two-layered sac called the pleura
A bony framework of ribs, sternum, and vertebrae protects the lungs

Defining Respiratory Terms

SOBOE: Shortness of breath on exertion
SOB: Shortness of breath
Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low oxygen levels
Dyspnea: Difficulty breathing
Apnea: Absence of breathing
Orthopnea: Difficulty breathing when lying down
Hyperventilation: Rapid or deep breathing
Sputum: Mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract
Respiration: The process of breathing
Wheezing: A whistling sound during breathing, often associated with narrowed airways

Oxygen Equipment Review

Oxygen Sources: Wall outlets, oxygen tanks, oxygen concentrators
Oxygen Concentrators: Require power
Portable Units: Have an 8-hour oxygen supply
Flow Rate: Should be known and adjusted as needed
Oxygen Gauges: Should be understood and tanks replaced if low

Oxygen Administration Devices

Nasal Cannula: Two prongs inserted into the nostrils; allows eating and talking; flow rate 2-5 L/min.
Face Masks: Covers nose and mouth; moisture control; removing for eating; flow rate 5-10 L/min.
Nebulizers: Administer medication; HCA responsibilities include recognizing when the medication is finished and turning the machine off to rinse the resident's face; offer water to rinse mouth.

Oxygen Safety

Never remove oxygen devices without permission
Check for signs of irritation (behind ears, under the nose, face)
Masks and tubing are replaced on bath day
Report any signs of hypoxia, respiratory distress, or abnormal breathing
Report any oral hygiene concerns

Pneumonia

An infection of lung tissue
Alveoli fill with fluids such as pus and mucus
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is impeded
Caused by bacteria, viruses, aspiration, or immobility
Can cause serious illness and result in death
Symptoms include fever, chills, painful cough, chest pain, rapid breathing, cyanosis, sputum, and confusion

Critical Thinking - Case Study (Mr. Bill)

Mr. Bill, a 72-year-old resident, developed pneumonia.
Physiological changes associated with aging and smoking contribute to higher pneumonia incidence in the elderly. (e.g., weakened immune system, declined lung function)
Mortality rate of pneumonia needs to be researched and can vary depending on multiple factors
A care plan should address Mr. Bill's needs which include his specific condition, medication regimen, and any mobility limitations.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

COPD is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) encompassing bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema.
Smoking is the primary cause of COPD.
COPD has no cure but can be managed with breathing exercises and oxygen therapy
Encourage fluid intake

Asthma

Air passages narrow causing dyspnea and wheezing
Attacks triggered by allergies, exercise, cold air, smog, and emotional stress
Attacks are sudden and frightening and can become intensified by fear
Treatment focuses on medications to prevent and alleviate attacks and emergency treatment when necessary.

Critical Thinking - Case Study (Mr. Rogers)

Mr. Rogers experienced an asthma attack due to a visit with his wife.
Possible triggers include allergies or pollutants (e.g., flowers).
Action plan should include administering quick-relief inhaler, ensuring safety, monitoring symptoms, recording symptoms and reporting concerns to the appropriate staff, documenting all actions taken, and recording resident's response to treatment.

Emphysema

Alveoli enlarge and lose elasticity
Some air is trapped in alveoli during exhalation
O2/CO2 exchange is impaired.
Key symptoms: shortness of breath (dyspnea) and cough
Treatment includes antibiotics, oxygen therapy, medications to relieve pain, cough and fever, proper diet and hydration, and Fowler's or semi-Fowler's position for easier breathing

Tuberculosis (TB)

A potentially serious, infectious lung disease
Caused by bacteria spread via airborne droplets.
Many strains now resistant to typical TB medications.
Latent TB, where bacteria are inactive, may progress to active TB.
Active TB can spread infection via coughing or sneezing.
Symptoms include coughing up blood, fever, chills, chest pain, weight loss, night sweats, and a long-term cough.

Critical Thinking - Case Study (Mary)

Mary, a 75-year-old with COPD, showed signs of possible TB reactivation.
Previous exposure and weakened immune system due to COPD are increased risk factors for TB reactivation.
Investigate detailed medical history, including TB exposures to obtain a comprehensive care plan and consider additional precautions appropriate to TB prevention and transmission.

Influenza (Flu)

A viral infection of the respiratory system that includes the nose, throat, and lungs.
Different from "stomach flu" which causes diarrhea and vomiting.
Often resolves on its own
People with weakened immune systems, older adults, and children are at higher risk for complications.

COVID-19

A novel coronavirus that is readily transmitted from person-to-person.
Spread via respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, and common greetings.
Symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, new loss of taste or smell.
Treatment is dependent on the severity and includes rest and hydration in mild cases and medications if needed.

Prevention of Virus Transmission

Practice proper hand hygiene (soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer)
Cover coughs and sneezes into the bend of your elbow, not your hands
Dispose of tissues immediately
Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
Effective ways to prevent the spreading of these diseases include practicing social distancing and wearing a mask when necessary

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Description

Test your knowledge on the prevention, symptoms, and treatment of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, influenza, and COVID-19. This quiz covers key concepts related to infection control and patient care recommendations. Perfect for healthcare students and professionals.