39 Questions
What is the basic lesion of tuberculosis?
Proliferative tissue reaction
How does the mechanism of caseation occur in tuberculosis?
Cytotoxic lymphokines
Which route is NOT a mechanism for the spread of tuberculosis?
Neurological spread to the central nervous system
What type of immunity is mainly responsible for influencing the course of tuberculosis?
Innate immunity
What characterizes secondary tuberculosis reinfection?
Spread of infection is more common
Where does primary pulmonary tuberculosis commonly develop?
In the lungs
What is the main cause of tuberculosis?
Bacteria and their toxins
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for tuberculosis?
Excess heat and cold
What type of bacteria causes tuberculosis?
Gram-positive, acid-fast bacilli
Which of the following is a non-living irritant that can cause cell injury?
Excess heat
What stain is best used to visualize tubercle bacilli?
Ziehl-Neelsen stain
What is the most common source of infection for tuberculosis of bone?
Blood-borne transmission
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of tertiary syphilis?
Syphilitic gumma and diffuse lesions
What is the pathogenesis of granulomatous reaction in bilharziasis caused by schistosoma mansoni?
Granulomatous reaction due to T-lymphocytes
Which of the following is a microscopic feature of sarcoidosis?
Schaumann bodies
What is the best method for demonstrating fungi in tissues?
PAS stain
What is a common characteristic of granulomas in chronic inflammation?
Nodular collections of modified macrophages
Which type of fungal infection can invade widely and cause systemic disease?
Deep fungal infections
What is the famous name for mycetoma pedis?
Madura foot
What is the most common manifestation of superficial candidiasis?
White oral mucosal patches composed of fungal colonies
Which condition can lead to the pathogenicity of Candida albicans?
Prolonged broad spectrum antibiotic therapy
What represents an example of chronic non-specific inflammation?
Syphilis
What is the mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity?
Introduction of antigen for the first time stimulates IgE formation
Which of the following is NOT a possible route of bronchial spread in tuberculosis?
Ingestion of infected sputum causing secondary intestinal tuberculosis
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of primary complex in tuberculosis?
Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with caseating tubercles
What is the fate of primary tuberculosis of tonsils?
Hematogenous spread leading to isolated organ or miliary tuberculosis
What is the main cause of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis?
Reinfection through inhalation or ingestion
Which clinical feature is characteristic of chronic fibrocaseous tuberculosis?
Rupture of cavity into the pleural sac causing pneumothorax
What is a possible complication of secondary tuberculosis of the intestine?
Intestinal hemorrhage and intestinal fistulae
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the production of IgE localized within a certain tissue or organ?
Type I
What is the mechanism of Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
The target cells undergo lysis due to complement activation.
Which condition is an example of Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
Acute proliferative post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction leads to cell-mediated graft rejection?
Type IV
What characterizes collagen diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Pathology resembling a mass of fibrin accompanied by inflammation
Which autoimmune disease results from the destruction of collagen within and around vessels?
Scleroderma
What are some examples of endocrine diseases caused by autoimmune reactions?
1ry myxoedema, 1ry Addison’s disease, male infertility
What is the mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
The antigen stimulates T lymphocytes which then cause necrosis.
What leads to the production of autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases?
Imbalance of suppressor-helper T cell function
What is the hallmark of collagen diseases?
Fibrosis resulting from injury to collagen within and around vessels
Explore the spread of tuberculosis infection and its impact on different organs and systems, including direct and lymphatic spread, blood spread, fibrosis leading to intestinal obstruction, and secondary amyloidosis. Understand how pulmonary, intestinal, tonsillar, and skin tuberculosis can occur as primary or secondary diseases, affecting various organs.
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