Tuberculosis Spread of Infection and Organ Affection

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What is the basic lesion of tuberculosis?

Proliferative tissue reaction (correct)

Hypersensitivity reaction

Exudative tissue reaction

Localized fibrosis

How does the mechanism of caseation occur in tuberculosis?

Fibrous replacement

Cytotoxic lymphokines (correct)

Ischemic necrosis

Exudative tissue reaction

Which route is NOT a mechanism for the spread of tuberculosis?

Blood spread leading to isolated organ tuberculosis

Direct spread to the surroundings

Lymphatic spread to the draining lymph nodes

Neurological spread to the central nervous system (correct)

What type of immunity is mainly responsible for influencing the course of tuberculosis?

Innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes secondary tuberculosis reinfection?

Spread of infection is more common Signup and view all the answers

Where does primary pulmonary tuberculosis commonly develop?

In the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of tuberculosis?

Bacteria and their toxins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for tuberculosis?

Excess heat and cold Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria causes tuberculosis?

Gram-positive, acid-fast bacilli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a non-living irritant that can cause cell injury?

Excess heat Signup and view all the answers

What stain is best used to visualize tubercle bacilli?

Ziehl-Neelsen stain Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common source of infection for tuberculosis of bone?

Blood-borne transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of tertiary syphilis?

Syphilitic gumma and diffuse lesions Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenesis of granulomatous reaction in bilharziasis caused by schistosoma mansoni?

Granulomatous reaction due to T-lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a microscopic feature of sarcoidosis?

Schaumann bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the best method for demonstrating fungi in tissues?

PAS stain Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of granulomas in chronic inflammation?

Nodular collections of modified macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fungal infection can invade widely and cause systemic disease?

Deep fungal infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the famous name for mycetoma pedis?

Madura foot Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common manifestation of superficial candidiasis?

White oral mucosal patches composed of fungal colonies Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to the pathogenicity of Candida albicans?

Prolonged broad spectrum antibiotic therapy Signup and view all the answers

What represents an example of chronic non-specific inflammation?

Syphilis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity?

Introduction of antigen for the first time stimulates IgE formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible route of bronchial spread in tuberculosis?

Ingestion of infected sputum causing secondary intestinal tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of primary complex in tuberculosis?

Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with caseating tubercles Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of primary tuberculosis of tonsils?

Hematogenous spread leading to isolated organ or miliary tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis?

Reinfection through inhalation or ingestion Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical feature is characteristic of chronic fibrocaseous tuberculosis?

Rupture of cavity into the pleural sac causing pneumothorax Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication of secondary tuberculosis of the intestine?

Intestinal hemorrhage and intestinal fistulae Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the production of IgE localized within a certain tissue or organ?

Type I Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

The target cells undergo lysis due to complement activation. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an example of Type III hypersensitivity reaction?

Acute proliferative post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction leads to cell-mediated graft rejection?

Type IV Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes collagen diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Pathology resembling a mass of fibrin accompanied by inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disease results from the destruction of collagen within and around vessels?

Scleroderma Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of endocrine diseases caused by autoimmune reactions?

1ry myxoedema, 1ry Addison’s disease, male infertility Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

The antigen stimulates T lymphocytes which then cause necrosis. Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the production of autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases?

Imbalance of suppressor-helper T cell function Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of collagen diseases?

Fibrosis resulting from injury to collagen within and around vessels Signup and view all the answers