Infectious Diseases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

  • Inhibits the production of calcitriol (vitamin D3)
  • Stimulates the release of phosphate from bone
  • Mobilizes calcium from bone and enhances renal reabsorption of calcium (correct)
  • Promotes phosphorus excretion from the body

    • Which cells in the parathyroid gland produce PTH?

  • Endothelial cells
  • Chief cells (correct)
  • Adipose cells
  • Oxyphil cells

    • What is the main function of Oxyphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

  • Regulation of calcium and phosphorus
  • Unknown function (correct)
  • Enhancement of bone mineralization
  • Production of calcitriol

    • Which type of PTH receptor binds only PTH?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Ca2+ Sensing Receptor (CaSR) in the body?

    <p>Monitors calcium concentration in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PTH release respond to in the body?

    <p>Small changes in calcium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ligand that binds to the Ca2+ Sensing Receptor (CaSR)?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications can cause erectile dysfunction, loss of libido, flushing, nausea, testicular atrophy, and decreased muscle mass?

    <p>GnRH blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Infective Endocarditis (IE)?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characteristic of Right-sided Endocarditis?

    <p>Tricuspid valve involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GnRH blockers on hormone levels?

    <p>Lower DHT and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immune response?

    <p>Rapid response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of amenorrhea if a woman has never menstruated by age 16?

    <p>Primary ovarian insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS)?

    <p>Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in phosphate homeostasis?

    <p>Promotes phosphate excretion by inhibiting sodium-dependent phosphate transport in the proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone facilitates renal reabsorption of calcium?

    <p>Calcitriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23) in serum phosphate homeostasis?

    <p>Regulates serum phosphate homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts directly on osteoclasts by blocking bone resorption induced by hormones like PTH and Vitamin D?

    <p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary cells responsible for bone resorption and bone formation?

    <p>Osteoclasts and osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Vitamin D receptor (VDR) in calcium homeostasis?

    <p>Stimulating active intestinal calcium transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary treatments for addressing bone resorption and stimulating new bone formation in osteoporosis?

    <p>Bisphosphonates and PTH derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical manifestations of bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Fever, headache, neck stiffness, nausea/vomiting, signs of herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes pneumonia?

    <p>Acute infection of lung tissue, fever, productive cough, tachypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiology of sepsis?

    <p>Hemodynamic alterations, vascular and multiorgan dysfunction, systemic response to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes secretory diarrhea?

    <p>Watery diarrhea due to superficial attachment to enterocytes in the small bowel lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from bacterial invasion of the mucosal lumen, leading to fever, lower abdominal pain, and diarrhea containing visible mucus?

    <p>Inflammatory diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hemorrhagic diarrhea?

    <p>EHEC producing Shiga-like toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and infectious diarrhea be classified as?

    <p>Significant infectious diseases with distinct clinical manifestations and pathophysiological mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specific organ system dysfunctions that may occur in sepsis?

    <p>Cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatic, and hematologic dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can infectious diarrhea be caused by?

    <p>Viral pathogens like rotavirus and norovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can Shiga toxin from EHEC potentially lead to?

    <p>Hemolytic-uremic syndrome characterized by anemia and renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the parathyroid gland produce PTH?

    <p>Chief cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the kidney?

    <p>Enhances renal reabsorption of calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Ca2+ Sensing Receptor (CaSR) in the body?

    <p>Triggers release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of PTH receptor binds only PTH?

    <p>Type-II PTH receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of PTH on bone?

    <p>Enhances calcium mobilization from bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?

    <p>Decrease in calcium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Oxyphil cells in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Unknown function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications can cause erectile dysfunction, loss of libido, flushing, nausea, testicular atrophy, and decreased muscle mass?

    <p>GnRH blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Infective Endocarditis (IE)?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of amenorrhea if a woman has never menstruated by age 16?

    <p>Primary ovarian insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Right-sided Endocarditis?

    <p>Affects pulmonary valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes secretory diarrhea?

    <p>Caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23) in serum phosphate homeostasis?

    <p>Inhibits renal reabsorption of phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specific organ system dysfunctions that may occur in sepsis?

    <p>Respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone directly acts on osteoclasts by blocking bone resorption induced by hormones like PTH and Vitamin D?

    <p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of Vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the body?

    <p>Intestines and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of osteomalacia, a defect in bone mineralization?

    <p>Vitamin D deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for addressing bone resorption and stimulating new bone formation in osteoporosis?

    <p>Bisphosphonates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23) in serum phosphate homeostasis?

    <p>Regulating serum phosphate homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in phosphate homeostasis?

    <p>Promoting phosphate excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Calcitriol, regulated by PTH, in calcium homeostasis?

    <p>Enhancing calcium uptake from the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen can cause bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sepsis and septic shock?

    <p>Predicted mortality of 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of infectious diarrhea?

    <p>Viral and bacterial pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes secretory diarrhea?

    <p>Watery diarrhea due to superficial attachment to enterocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can Shiga toxin from EHEC potentially lead to?

    <p>Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ system dysfunction may occur in sepsis?

    <p>Cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatic, and hematologic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes pneumonia?

    <p>Acute infection of lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diarrhea results from bacterial invasion of the mucosal lumen?

    <p>Inflammatory diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical manifestations of bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Fever, headache, and neck stiffness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacterial Meningitis and Pneumonia: Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology

    • Bacterial meningitis can be caused by various pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae.
    • Clinical manifestations of bacterial meningitis include rapid onset fever, headache, neck stiffness, nausea/vomiting, and signs of herniation like coma and papilledema.
    • Pneumonia is characterized by acute infection of lung tissue, leading to fever, productive cough, and tachypnea.
    • Sepsis and septic shock are characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response to infection, with a predicted mortality of 40%.
    • The pathophysiology of sepsis involves hemodynamic alterations, vascular and multiorgan dysfunction, and a systemic response to infections.
    • Specific organ system dysfunctions in sepsis may include cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatic, and hematologic dysfunction.
    • Infectious diarrhea can be caused by viral pathogens like rotavirus and norovirus, and transmitted through person-to-person, water-borne, or food-borne routes.
    • Secretory diarrhea is characterized by watery diarrhea due to superficial attachment to enterocytes in the small bowel lumen, caused by pathogens like Vibrio cholerae and Enterotoxigenic E. coli.
    • Inflammatory diarrhea results from bacterial invasion of the mucosal lumen, leading to fever, lower abdominal pain, and diarrhea containing visible mucus, caused by pathogens like Shigella and Salmonella.
    • Hemorrhagic diarrhea is caused by EHEC producing Shiga-like toxins, leading to a broad spectrum of clinical disease including hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
    • Shiga toxin from EHEC can enter the systemic circulation and cause vascular damage, potentially leading to hemolytic-uremic syndrome characterized by anemia and renal failure.
    • Bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and infectious diarrhea represent significant infectious diseases with distinct clinical manifestations and pathophysiological mechanisms.

    Bacterial Meningitis and Pneumonia: Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology

    • Bacterial meningitis can be caused by various pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae.
    • Clinical manifestations of bacterial meningitis include rapid onset fever, headache, neck stiffness, nausea/vomiting, and signs of herniation like coma and papilledema.
    • Pneumonia is characterized by acute infection of lung tissue, leading to fever, productive cough, and tachypnea.
    • Sepsis and septic shock are characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response to infection, with a predicted mortality of 40%.
    • The pathophysiology of sepsis involves hemodynamic alterations, vascular and multiorgan dysfunction, and a systemic response to infections.
    • Specific organ system dysfunctions in sepsis may include cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatic, and hematologic dysfunction.
    • Infectious diarrhea can be caused by viral pathogens like rotavirus and norovirus, and transmitted through person-to-person, water-borne, or food-borne routes.
    • Secretory diarrhea is characterized by watery diarrhea due to superficial attachment to enterocytes in the small bowel lumen, caused by pathogens like Vibrio cholerae and Enterotoxigenic E. coli.
    • Inflammatory diarrhea results from bacterial invasion of the mucosal lumen, leading to fever, lower abdominal pain, and diarrhea containing visible mucus, caused by pathogens like Shigella and Salmonella.
    • Hemorrhagic diarrhea is caused by EHEC producing Shiga-like toxins, leading to a broad spectrum of clinical disease including hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
    • Shiga toxin from EHEC can enter the systemic circulation and cause vascular damage, potentially leading to hemolytic-uremic syndrome characterized by anemia and renal failure.
    • Bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and infectious diarrhea represent significant infectious diseases with distinct clinical manifestations and pathophysiological mechanisms.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and infectious diarrhea with this quiz. Explore the clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of these significant infectious diseases, including specific pathogens, symptoms, and complications.

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