Infectious Diseases Quiz

Tuberculosis PPD Test Results

• A reddened and raised area of 3mm indicates a positive result for a purified protein derivative (PPD) test for tuberculosis.
• Negative result: No visible reaction.
• Inconclusive result: Borderline result.

Severe Diarrhea in Recent Gastroenteritis

• Dehydration is the primary concern in severe diarrhea, especially with a history of recent gastroenteritis
• A patient with bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain may be suspected of having Salmonella, Shigella, or E. coli infection.
• Rotavirus infections are less associated with bloody diarrhea.

Chickenpox Exposure During Pregnancy

• If a pregnant woman is exposed to a child with chickenpox, varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG) can prevent or reduce the severity of the disease.

Scarlet Fever and Group A Streptococcus

• Scarlet fever, caused by group A Streptococcus, requires antibiotic therapy.
• Pain management is also important, but not a primary treatment for the infection.

Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis

• The most important diagnostic test for infective endocarditis is blood culture.
• Chest X-ray, ECG, and echocardiogram might be used, but blood culture is paramount.

Child with Rash (Papules, Vesicles, and Crusts)

• Priority is to instruct parents on airborne and contact precautions.
• Administering antibiotics or encouraging fluids and rest are important but secondary to the priority of precautions.

TB Infection and Reactivation

• A client with a 10 year history of latent TB infection who develops active TB is described as Reactivation infection.
• Primary infection refers to TB acquired for the first time.
• Latent TB infection is also referred to as inactive tuberculosis.
• Active TB is known as a fully developed disease.

Definitive Diagnostic Test for Tuberculosis

• Sputum culture is the definitive diagnostic test for tuberculosis.
• Chest X-ray, blood culture, and skin tests may be used but are not definitive as the diagnostic test for tuberculosis.

Positive Mantoux Test for Tuberculosis

• A client with a positive Mantoux test and no active signs of disease requires isoniazid treatment for 6-9 months to prevent active Tuberculosis.

Active Tuberculosis Hospitalization

• A patient with active TB might need hospitalization primarily for antibiotic therapy and monitoring vital signs.
• Hospitalization helps prevent the spread of the disease.

Malaria Causative Agent

• Plasmodium is the protozoan parasite that causes malaria.

Dengue Fever Transmission

• Aedes aegypti mosquito transmits dengue fever.

Common Symptoms in Malaria and Dengue

• Both malaria and dengue fever are associated with muscle weakness and high fever.
• Abdominal bloating and cough are not common features.

Dengue Antigen Test

• NS1 antigen test is specific to dengue virus and helps detect the virus.

Plasmodium and Red Blood Cells

• Invasion and destruction of red blood cells by Plasmodium leads to anemia and organ damage.

High Risk Groups for Malaria/Dengue Complications

• Pregnant women and children are more susceptible to severe complications from malaria and dengue due to weaker immune systems.

Vector Control and Disease Prevention

• Vector control measures are effective in preventing dengue and malaria.

Parkinson's Disease and Symptoms

• Bradykinesia (slow movement) is one common symptom of Parkinson's disease, affecting swallowing, facial expressions, and coordination.

Medications for Muscle Spasms

• Baclofen and Diazepam are medications that can help treat muscle spasms associated with various conditions.

HIV and CD4+ Cells

• HIV primarily attacks CD4+ positive cells.

COVID-19 Transmission Routes

• COVID-19 can be spread through airborne transmission, droplet transmission, and contact transmission.

Impetigo Location

• Impetigo is commonly found on the skin, including the scalp.

Varicella Isolation Precautions

• Airborne and contact precautions are implemented for a patient diagnosed with varicella.

Hepatitis A Contact Precautions

• Contact precautions are initiated for a patient with Hepatitis A to prevent cross-contamination, specifically for incontinent patients.
• Incontinence of stool is considered a risk factor for cross-contamination.

Common Impetigo Pathogens

• Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are most common infectious agents.

Signs of Meningitis

• Positive Kernig's sign and nuchal rigidity suggest bacterial meningitis, rather than viral meningitis and related conditions.

Rifampin Side Effect on Body Fluids

• Rifampin can discolor body fluids to orange, impacting urinalysis.

Active Tuberculosis Assessment Priority

• Assessing respiratory rate is a critical priority for a patient taking ethambutol, an anti-tuberculosis medication, as it involves evaluating organ function related to breathing.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition, causing inflammatory synovitis in the joints. Its pathogenesis may involve factors other than infection or old age, but it is considered an autoimmune disease.

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae and Agent

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the infectious agent responsible for walking pneumonia.

Whooping Cough Causative Agent

• Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent that causes whooping cough.

Osler Nodes

• Osler nodes are painful, raised lesions on the fingers and toes; they are associated with inflammatory conditions.

Escherichia Coli Infections

• Escherichia Coli Infections are often linked to contaminated water or food.
• Poor hygiene leads to the spread of the bacteria, but not always contaminated water and food.
• Respiratory droplets do not spread Escherichia Coli infections.

E. Coli Infection Spread

• E. coli infection can spread via contaminated food or water(oral-fecal route).

Construction Worker with Flu-like Symptoms

• The worker's symptoms and exposure to bat droppings suggest possible tuberculosis exposure.
• Blood cultures, chest X-ray, and fungal cultures are commonly used to rule out tuberculosis.

Dog Bite and Post-Exposure Care

• In case of a dog bite, initial intervention should be focused on applying a tetanus vaccine and other post-exposure prophylaxis measures.

Myasthenia Gravis Assessment Priority

• The priority assessment for a myasthenia gravis patient experiencing swallowing and speaking difficulties would focus on assessing nutritional intake and respiratory rate/oxygen saturation.

Greenish-Yellow Discharge and Dysuria Diagnositc Standard

• If a patient presents with greenish-yellow discharge and dysuria, the first diagnostic step involves determining and using the standard nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Tuberculosis Disease Precautions

• Hospitalization of a patient with tuberculosis requires N95 respirator, and negative-pressure room to prevent transmission.

Dengue Vaccine

• The specific populations who may receive a dengue vaccine are those in endemic areas and those who are travelers to endemic areas.

Leptospirosis and Aquatic Activities

• If a patient presents with fever, jaundice, and recent travel to aquatic environments in a tropical rural area, then blood cultures to test for leptospirosis are indicated.

COPD Patient Assessment Priority

• Assessing heart sounds is the first assessment priority for a patient with COPD exacerbation, because a COPD exacerbation can include a heart condition such as pericarditis, etc.

Hyperventilation Signs

• Signs of hyperventilation may include an elevated respiratory rate, altered depth of breathing, and increased oxygen saturation but are not always certain indicators of hyperventilation.

Anaphylaxis Treatment

• Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis because it rapidly counteracts the systemic effects of the reaction, including airway swelling, hypotension, and other systemic effects.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Medication

• Prednisone, a corticosteroid, is the most appropriate medication to manage a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flare-up acutely.

Test your knowledge on key aspects of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, gastroenteritis, chickenpox exposure in pregnancy, and scarlet fever. This quiz covers symptoms, treatments, and prevention strategies related to these conditions.