Infectious Diseases: Tuberculosis & Schistosomiasis

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of using the nominal group technique in decision-making?

To streamline decisions by voting

To give priority to dominant members in the group

To ensure equal voice and involvement of all members (correct)

To focus solely on the majority opinion

How are the total priority scores for problems calculated?

By summing all individual ratings without weights

By multiplying the collated weights by their corresponding ratings and summing the results (correct)

By averaging the weights and ratings together

By adding the weights and ratings of criteria after calculation

In the context of family health nursing, what distinguishes goals from objectives?

Goals are broader and long-term, while objectives are specific and short-term (correct)

Goals only focus on financial outcomes, whereas objectives focus on health outcomes

Both goals and objectives serve the same purpose

Objectives are broader and long-term, while goals are specific and short-term

Which of the following aspects is NOT included in the SMART process?

Realistic Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when assessing the availability of resources for intervention?

Both technological and community-based resources are essential Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered common signs and symptoms of COVID-19?

Sore throat Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the first steps in preventing the spread of COVID-19?

Establishing triage Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is NOT typically used for confirming a COVID-19 infection?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of infection control in nursing care for COVID-19?

Protect health personnel Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following criteria is essential for priority setting in planning community health interventions?

Level of community awareness Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a patient exhibits symptoms of COVID-19 upon screening?

Admit if they meet case definition Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of the criteria for reducing risk in community health planning?

Community motivation to deal with the condition Signup and view all the answers

Which action is most effective in controlling the spread of infections among healthcare personnel?

Using personal protective equipment (PPE) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a rapid observation of a community?

To understand environmental conditions and community facilities Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is suitable for community organizing and participatory action research?

Participant observation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of effective partnerships in community health initiatives?

To address health inequalities through shared vision and multi-sector collaboration Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a focus group from a community forum?

Community forums are typically larger and open to all members Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies health advocacy?

Lobbying for policies that ensure affordable healthcare access Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a secondary data source?

Health reports from the Department of Health Signup and view all the answers

What is a key objective of community organizing?

To create awareness about social realities and initiate actions Signup and view all the answers

What legislative act established the civil registry system in the Philippines?

Act 3753 Signup and view all the answers

In the context of community organizing, what does 'power' refer to?

The ability of individuals and groups to effect change through collective action Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the FHSIS as specified by EO No. 352?

To generate health statistics Signup and view all the answers

What role does relationship building play in community organizing?

It fosters accountability among members for group activities Signup and view all the answers

Who serves as the central repository of civil registries in the Philippines?

Philippine Statistics Authority Signup and view all the answers

How can collaboration in healthcare optimally benefit communities?

By enhancing communication and coordination among diverse stakeholders Signup and view all the answers

In what way is a survey necessary for studying a community?

When there is no available information about the community Signup and view all the answers

The Human Resource Development Program (HRDP) primarily focuses on what aspect of community health?

Mobilizing communities to address their immediate and long-term health needs Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential characteristic of effective partnerships in health equity?

Engagement of all stakeholders in a common vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary infectious agent responsible for tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What method of transmission is associated with schistosomiasis?

Contaminated fresh water Signup and view all the answers

Which group is considered more susceptible to tuberculosis within the first year of infection?

Children under 3 years Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with influenza?

Rash on skin Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant nursing responsibility when managing patients with filariasis?

Observing personal hygiene of affected areas Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is typically recommended for pneumonia?

Antibiotics and bedrest Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of control for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)?

Isolation of suspected cases Signup and view all the answers

How is filariasis primarily transmitted?

Bites from infected female mosquitoes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of tuberculosis?

Bloody stools Signup and view all the answers

What is an important nursing responsibility regarding tuberculosis disease management?

Maintaining treatment records for patients Signup and view all the answers

Which preventive measure is advised for managing schistosomiasis?

Dispose of waste properly to prevent contamination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of schistosomiasis?

Enlargement of abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mode of transmission for influenza?

Respiratory droplets Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for the treatment of chronic filariasis cases?

Surgery for hydrocele Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tuberculosis

Infectious Agent: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Transmission: Airborne droplets, direct invasion, bovine tuberculosis
Susceptibility: First 6-12 months after infection, children under 3 years old, HIV infection
Symptoms: Cough lasting two weeks or more, fever, chest or back pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, sweating, fatigue, malaise, shortness of breath
Control: Prompt diagnosis and treatment, BCG vaccination, public education, social improvement, medical resources
Treatment: Anti-TB drugs (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol)
Nursing Responsibilities: Interview and maintain treatment records, perform tuberculin testing, manage requisition and distribution of drugs

Schistosomiasis

Infectious Agent: Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium
Transmission: Contact with contaminated freshwater containing snails carrying schistosomes
Susceptibility: Farmers and their families in rural areas
Symptoms: Diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal enlargement, splenomegaly, weakness, anemia, inflamed liver
Control: Public education, proper disposal of feces and urine, improved irrigation and agriculture practices, snail control with molluscicides, use of rubber boots, patient treatment

Filarisis

Infectious Agent: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori
Transmission: Bites of infected female mosquitos (primarily Aedes poecilius)
Symptoms: Asymptomatic (microfilariae in blood), acute (lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, orchitis), chronic (hydrocele, lymphedema, elephantiasis)
Control: Environmental sanitation, insecticide spraying, mosquito nets, protective clothing, insect repellents, screening of houses
Treatment: Treatment of endemic communities, Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC), surgery
Nursing Responsibilities: Advise on personal hygiene, prescribe antibiotics or antifungals for infection, health education

Influenza

Infectious Agent: Influenza virus A, B, C
Transmission: Direct contact, droplet infection, contact with discharges from nose and throat
Susceptibility: Universal, but varying degrees of infection
Symptoms: Chills, back and limb pain, coryza, sore throat, cough
Control and Treatment: Public education on hygiene, avoid sharing personal items, influenza vaccine
Nursing Responsibilities: Keep patient warm, use tepid sponge bath for fever, health teaching on waste disposal

Pneumonia

Infectious Agent: Pneumococcus / Diplococcus pneumonia
Predisposing Causes: Fatigue, overexposure to weather, polluted air, malnutrition
Symptoms: Convulsions, flushed face, dilated pupils, severe chills, pain in affected lung, high colored urine
Diagnosis: History, clinical signs, dull percussion on affected lung, x-ray
Complications: Emphysema, pleural effusion, endocarditis, pericarditis, pneumococcal meningitis, otitis media, hypostatic edema, jaundice, abortion
Treatment: Bed rest, adequate intake of salt, fluids, calories, and vitamins, tepid sponge bath, frequent turning, antibiotics.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Infectious Agent: Novel human coronavirus
Transmission: Respiratory droplets from cough, sneeze, or talk
Symptoms: Fever (38°C), diarrhea, dry cough, respiratory distress, hypoxia, crackles or rales, dullness on percussion, decreased breath sounds
Diagnosis: Serological and molecular tests, PCR test
Prevention and Control: Triage, designated areas for SARS patients, mask wearing, travel history screening, contact tracing, isolation of suspected cases, barrier nursing
Nursing Care: Provide clinical care, early detection, isolation, protection of staff, patients, families, and community, personal protective equipment (PPE), handwashing

COVID-19

Infectious Agent: Coronavirus
Transmission: Respiratory droplets from cough, sneeze, or talk.
Symptoms: Fever (38°C), dry cough, tiredness, diarrhea, sore throat, headache, conjunctivitis, loss of taste or smell
Diagnosis: Chest x-ray, PCR test, serological and molecular tests, chest CT scan, IgM/IgG combo test, CBC
Prevention and Control: Triage, designated areas for COVID-19 patients, mask wearing, travel history screening, contact tracing, isolation of suspected cases, barrier nursing
Nursing Care: Provide clinical care, early detection, isolation, protection of staff, patients, families, and community, personal protective equipment (PPE), handwashing

Planning Community Health Intervention

Planning: Logical process of decision making to determine priorities and actions.

Criteria for Priority Setting

Significance of the Problem: Number of people affected
Level of Community Awareness: Community's perception and motivation to address the issue
Ability to Reduce Risk: Expertise and influence of the health team
Cost of Reducing Risk: Economic, social, and ethical consequences
Identifying the Target Population: Availability of data
Availability of Resources: Technological, financial, and material resources

Formulating Goals and Objectives

Goals: Desired outcomes at the end of interventions
Objectives: Short-term changes observed during interventions
SMART Objectives: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-Bound

Importance of Partnership and Collaboration

Effective Partnerships: Shared vision and values, increased community capacity, multi-sector collaboration
Collaboration: Optimizing resources, enhancing communication and coordination, improving healthcare performance

Community Organizing Definition: Enables community members to assess needs, plan actions, build organizational structures, and sustain health initiatives.
Objectives: Raise awareness, form structures for community needs, initiate responsible actions
Elements of Community Organizing: Power (understanding the problem, devising solutions, leadership, action) and Relationship Building (accountability)

Methods of Community Assessment

Rapid Observation (Windshield Survey): Observation of people, environmental conditions, and facilities.
Surveys: Structured collection of information through questionnaires.
Informant Interviews: Purposeful conversations with key informants (leaders) or ordinary community members.
Community Forums: Open meetings of community members.
Focus Groups: Smaller groups (6-12 members) for focused discussion

Secondary Data Sources

Registry of Vital Events: Records of births, marriages, and deaths
Health Records and Reports: FHSIS, Vital Statistics (NSO), Health Reports

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Description

Explore the key aspects of two significant infectious diseases: Tuberculosis and Schistosomiasis. This quiz covers their causative agents, transmission methods, symptoms, treatment options, and nursing responsibilities involved in managing these conditions. Test your knowledge and understanding of these important health topics.