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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the condition of 'keratoconjunctivitis'?
Which of the following best describes the condition of 'keratoconjunctivitis'?
What is the primary function of the epidermis in relation to pathogens?
What is the primary function of the epidermis in relation to pathogens?
Where is the infection located in a case of ‘otitis externa’?
Where is the infection located in a case of ‘otitis externa’?
Which anatomical structure is inflamed in 'folliculitis'?
Which anatomical structure is inflamed in 'folliculitis'?
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Which of the following is NOT typically part of the upper respiratory tract?
Which of the following is NOT typically part of the upper respiratory tract?
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Which condition involves inflammation of the conjunctiva?
Which condition involves inflammation of the conjunctiva?
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Which of these is associated with the lower respiratory tract?
Which of these is associated with the lower respiratory tract?
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What is the primary difference between a microbial intoxication and an infectious disease?
What is the primary difference between a microbial intoxication and an infectious disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the circulatory system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the circulatory system?
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Inflammation of the heart's inner lining is known as:
Inflammation of the heart's inner lining is known as:
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Which of these sexually transmitted diseases is specifically mentioned as a possible infection of the circulatory system?
Which of these sexually transmitted diseases is specifically mentioned as a possible infection of the circulatory system?
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The blood-brain barrier primarily protects which system?
The blood-brain barrier primarily protects which system?
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Which of the following is a common condition associated with inflammation of the lymph vessels?
Which of the following is a common condition associated with inflammation of the lymph vessels?
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Which type of meningitis is generally considered less severe?
Which type of meningitis is generally considered less severe?
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Which of the following is NOT a bacterial cause of meningitis, based on the text?
Which of the following is NOT a bacterial cause of meningitis, based on the text?
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Of the following pathogens, which is classified as a protozoan?
Of the following pathogens, which is classified as a protozoan?
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Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the sebaceous glands in the eyelashes?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the sebaceous glands in the eyelashes?
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A deep-seated infection resulting from multiple furuncles is known as what?
A deep-seated infection resulting from multiple furuncles is known as what?
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Which of these is a flat lesion, like those seen in measles, classified as?
Which of these is a flat lesion, like those seen in measles, classified as?
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Which of the following describes a firm, raised lesion, characteristic of chickenpox?
Which of the following describes a firm, raised lesion, characteristic of chickenpox?
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What type of ear infection is most likely caused by pathogens entering through the Eustachian tube?
What type of ear infection is most likely caused by pathogens entering through the Eustachian tube?
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An inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae is called what?
An inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae is called what?
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What condition is typically characterized by severe diarrhea with blood or mucus?
What condition is typically characterized by severe diarrhea with blood or mucus?
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Which condition refers to inflammation of the epiglottis, often caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b?
Which condition refers to inflammation of the epiglottis, often caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b?
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Study Notes
Infectious Diseases Overview
- Infectious diseases are caused by microbes.
- Pathogens cause two main categories:
- Microbial intoxications: Ingestion of toxins produced outside the body by pathogens.
- Infectious diseases (infections): Caused by colonization of a body site by a pathogen.
- Infectious diseases are categorized by anatomical site.
Skin Infections
- Key terms:
- Epidermis: Outer skin layer
- Dermis: Inner skin layer with blood vessels, glands, and follicles
- Dermatitis: Skin inflammation
- Sebaceous Glands: Produce oily sebum
- Common skin infections:
- Folliculitis: Inflammation of hair follicles
- Sty: Inflammation of sebaceous glands in eyelashes
- Furuncle: Localized pus-producing infection
- Carbuncle: Deep-seated infection
- Surface Lesions (examples):
- Macule: Flat (e.g., measles)
- Papule: Firm, raised (e.g., chickenpox)
- Vesicle: Fluid-filled blister (e.g., shingles)
- Pustule: Pus-filled lesion
Eye Infections
- Anatomy includes conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, iris, and lens.
- Infections:
- Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva
- Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea
- Keratoconjunctivitis: Involves both cornea and conjunctiva
- Otitis Media: Middle ear infection
- Otitis Externa: Outer ear canal infection
Respiratory System Infections
- Upper Respiratory Tract (URT): Paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, epiglottis, larynx
- Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT): Trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli
- Examples:
- Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis
- Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx
- Pharyngitis: Sore throat
- Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs
Oral Region Infections
- Oral Microflora: About 300 identified bacteria species (aerobes and anaerobes) and unclassified species
- Common diseases:
- Dental Caries: Enamel erosion by Streptococcus mutans
- Gingivitis: Gum inflammation
- Periodontitis: Advanced gum disease, leading to tooth loss
Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
- GI tract designed for food digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination.
- Most ingested microbes are destroyed by stomach acid or expelled.
Genitourinary System Infections
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Divided into upper UTIs (e.g., nephritis, pyelonephritis) and lower UTIs (e.g., cystitis, urethritis). Common causes may include E. coli, chlamydia, or fungi.
- Genital infections: Indigenous microflora can cause infection if disruption causes yeast infections.
Circulatory System Infections
- Cardiovascular system: Composed of heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and blood.
- Infections:
- Endocarditis: Inflammation of the endocardium
- Myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart's muscle walls
- Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium
- Infections:
- Bloodstream infections:
- Bacteremia: Presence of bacteria in the blood.
- Septicemia: Serious systemic infection with bacteria/toxins in the bloodstream.
Blood Donation Screening
- Routine testing for pathogens like HIV, hepatitis, and syphilis in donor blood.
Lymphatic System
- Lymph vessels, nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen.
- Common conditions:
- Lymphadenitis: Inflamed lymph nodes
- Lymphangitis: Inflamed lymph vessels
Central Nervous System Infections
- CNS (brain, spinal cord, meninges) is protected by the blood-brain barrier. Peripheral nerves branch from CNS.
- Common CNS Infections:
- Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Include HIV/AIDS gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis
- STDs can affect various systems
Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases
- Emerging causes: Changes in demographics, climate change, international travel, antibiotics misuse. Examples include avian influenza, SARS, Lyme disease, Ebola, and West Nile virus.
- Reemerging causes: Pathogen mutations, drug resistance, reduced vaccination compliance. Examples include Cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, yellow fever and MRSA.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of infectious diseases, focusing on their causes by pathogens and categorization. It also explores common skin infections, including terms and examples associated with various types of skin lesions. Test your knowledge on microbial intoxications and the anatomy of skin infections.
