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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of cellulitis?
Which of the following is a symptom of otitis externa?
Which type of ear infection is characterized by fluid accumulation behind the eardrum?
What commonly follows a viral infection and can lead to sinusitis?
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Which of the following infections is associated with streptococcus pyogenes?
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What symptom(s) can indicate an inner ear infection?
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What type of infection do furuncles and carbuncles represent?
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What is a common cause of pneumonia in children?
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Which organism is primarily responsible for tuberculosis (TB)?
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What symptom is NOT typically associated with conjunctivitis?
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Which type of infection is primarily caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
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What is a potential severe complication of influenza infection?
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What serious health issue is associated with keratitis if left untreated?
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Which pathogen is associated with the viral disease COVID-19?
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What is a common cause of bronchitis?
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Which of these conditions is primarily characterized by inflammation of the cornea?
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Which bacterium is primarily responsible for causing dental caries?
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What condition is characterized by inflammation of the gums due to plaque buildup?
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Which of the following is a fungal infection in the oral cavity often seen in immunocompromised individuals?
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What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
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Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
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What infection leads to inflammation of the stomach and intestines due to various pathogens?
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What stage of infection does Treponema pallidum represent?
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Which organism is NOT a cause of gastroenteritis?
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Which microorganism is primarily responsible for causing Scabies?
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What is the primary effect of the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-2)?
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What skin condition is caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton species?
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Which viral infection can reactivate and cause shingles?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by honey-colored crusts on the skin?
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What does cutaneous leishmaniasis result in?
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Which of the following infections primarily affects keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails?
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What is the main mode of transmission for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
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What is a common symptom of meningitis?
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What causes candidiasis?
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What complication can arise from untreated Lyme disease?
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Which organism is responsible for malaria?
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What is a typical consequence of rabies infection if untreated?
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Which viral infection is particularly common in immunocompromised patients?
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Which symptom is associated with encephalitis?
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What is a common transmission method for malaria?
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Study Notes
Infectious Diseases of the Skin
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Bacterial Infections:
- Impetigo: Highly contagious, caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, presenting as honey-colored crusts, mainly on face, arms, and legs.
- Cellulitis: Deep infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually caused by S. aureus or S. pyogenes, resulting in redness, swelling, and tenderness, typically on legs.
- Folliculitis, Furuncles, and Carbuncles: Infections of hair follicles caused by S. aureus, ranging in severity from localized folliculitis to boils (furuncles) and clusters of boils (carbuncles).
- Necrotizing Fasciitis: Severe infection caused by S. pyogenes or mixed flora, leading to tissue destruction, also known as "flesh-eating disease".
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Viral Infections:
- Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Causes cold sores or fever blisters around the mouth (HSV-1) or genital lesions (HSV-2), can remain dormant and reactivate under stress or immunosuppression.
- Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV): Causes chickenpox in primary infections and shingles upon reactivation.
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Fungal Infections:
- Dermatophytosis: Fungal infection caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton species, affecting keratinized tissues like skin, hair, and nails. Common conditions include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (tinea corporis), and jock itch (tinea cruris).
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Parasitic Infections:
- Scabies: Caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, a mite that burrows into the skin causing intense itching and a rash, often in skin folds.
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Caused by the protozoan Leishmania, transmitted by sandfly bites, leading to ulcerated skin lesions.
Infectious Diseases of the Ears
- Otitis Externa (Outer Ear Infection): Commonly called "swimmer's ear", affects ear canal, caused by bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Symptoms include itching, redness, discharge, and pain.
- Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection): Infection of the middle ear, often in children, caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Presents with ear pain, fever, and fluid accumulation behind the eardrum.
- Otitis Interna (Inner Ear Infection): Affects structures of the inner ear, causing dizziness, hearing loss, and tinnitus. Can result from viral infections like those causing the common cold or flu.
Infectious Diseases of the Eyes
- Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by bacteria (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus), viruses (adenoviruses), or allergens. Symptoms include redness, discharge, itching, and tearing.
- Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa, a serious infection that can lead to scarring or blindness if untreated.
- Trachoma: Chronic infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, leading to eyelid scarring and in severe cases, blindness. A major cause of blindness in developing countries.
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
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Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs):
- Common Cold: Caused by rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, or adenoviruses, symptoms include runny nose, sore throat, and cough.
- Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat, caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat) or viruses.
- Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by bacteria following a viral infection.
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Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs):
- Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lung tissue caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Symptoms include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing.
- Tuberculosis (TB): Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affecting the lungs. A serious public health issue worldwide.
- Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi, often following a viral infection. Symptoms include coughing and mucus production.
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Viral Infections:
- Influenza (Flu): Viral respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. Can lead to severe complications like pneumonia, especially in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals.
- COVID-19: Caused by SARS-CoV-2, ranging from mild symptoms to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Infectious Diseases of the Oral Region
- Dental Caries (Tooth Decay): Caused by Streptococcus mutans and other acid-producing bacteria that metabolize sugars and destroy tooth enamel and dentin.
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Periodontal Diseases:
- Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums due to plaque buildup, caused by bacterial biofilms.
- Periodontitis: More severe form, affecting supporting structures of teeth, leading to tooth loss if untreated.
- Oral Thrush (Candidiasis): Fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, presenting as white patches on the oral mucosa, often in immunocompromised individuals or those on broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Infectious Diseases of the Genitourinary System
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Most commonly caused by Escherichia coli, affecting the bladder (cystitis) or kidneys (pyelonephritis). Symptoms include frequent urination, pain during urination, and flank pain in cases of kidney infection.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):
- Gonorrhea: Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, leading to urethritis in men and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women.
- Chlamydia: Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, often asymptomatic, but can cause PID and infertility in women.
- Syphilis: Caused by Treponema pallidum, progressing through stages from sores (chancre) to systemic involvement, including the nervous system.
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Can cause genital warts and cervical cancer in women.
- Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Can also cause genital lesions (HSV-2).
Infectious Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Gastroenteritis: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. It causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges caused by bacteria (e.g., Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae) or viruses. Symptoms include headache, stiff neck, and photophobia.
- Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain, typically viral in origin (e.g., herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus). It leads to altered mental status, seizures, and neurological deficits.
- Rabies: Viral infection transmitted by the bite of infected animals. Once symptoms appear, the disease is nearly always fatal.
Infectious Diseases of the Bloodstream
- Bacteremia: Presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.
- Sepsis: A life-threatening condition caused by the body's overwhelming response to infection, leading to organ dysfunction.
Infectious Diseases in Immunocompromised Individuals
- Opportunistic Infections: Infections caused by pathogens that normally do not cause disease in healthy individuals but can cause serious illness in people with weakened immune systems.
- Candidiasis: Fungal infection caused by Candida albicans affecting various parts of the body, including the mouth (thrush), throat, and genitals.
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection: Common viral infection in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with HIV/AIDS or transplant recipients. CMV can affect the eyes (retinitis), gastrointestinal system, and lungs.
- Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia: A type of pneumonia common in people with HIV/AIDS.
Malaria
- A parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium species, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects red blood cells and the liver, leading to cyclical fevers, chills, and anemia.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various infectious diseases affecting the skin, including bacterial and viral infections. This quiz covers conditions such as impetigo, cellulitis, and herpes simplex virus. Prepare to challenge yourself on symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
