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Questions and Answers
Which viral infection can cause congenital anomalies or spontaneous miscarriage during the first trimester?
Which viral infection can cause congenital anomalies or spontaneous miscarriage during the first trimester?
- Cytomegalovirus
- Chlamydia
- Herpes Simplex Virus (correct)
- Hepatitis B
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treating severe genital herpes infection during pregnancy?
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treating severe genital herpes infection during pregnancy?
- Amoxicillin
- Acyclovir (Zovirax) (correct)
- Abacavir
- Ciprofloxacin
What can Cytomegalovirus cause in infants if transmitted during pregnancy?
What can Cytomegalovirus cause in infants if transmitted during pregnancy?
- Osteoporosis
- Deafness and chronic liver disease (correct)
- Increased body mass
- Severe eczema
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of a herpes simplex virus infection during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of a herpes simplex virus infection during pregnancy?
At what point in fetal development do the heart chambers begin to form?
At what point in fetal development do the heart chambers begin to form?
What major developmental feature appears by the third week of gestation?
What major developmental feature appears by the third week of gestation?
Which of the following live virus vaccines are contraindicated during pregnancy?
Which of the following live virus vaccines are contraindicated during pregnancy?
What is a possible effect of congenital Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy?
What is a possible effect of congenital Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy?
Which condition reflects a severe congenital anomaly where there is either no head or brain?
Which condition reflects a severe congenital anomaly where there is either no head or brain?
What is the primary causative agent of syphilis?
What is the primary causative agent of syphilis?
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treating syphilis?
What is the drug of choice (DOC) for treating syphilis?
What screening test should be conducted during the first prenatal visit for syphilis?
What screening test should be conducted during the first prenatal visit for syphilis?
If a pregnant woman is treated for syphilis in the first trimester, what is the expected outcome for the fetus?
If a pregnant woman is treated for syphilis in the first trimester, what is the expected outcome for the fetus?
What are some potential consequences of untreated syphilis beyond the 18th week of pregnancy?
What are some potential consequences of untreated syphilis beyond the 18th week of pregnancy?
What is the fetal length at approximately 8 weeks of gestation?
What is the fetal length at approximately 8 weeks of gestation?
What is the organism responsible for Lyme disease?
What is the organism responsible for Lyme disease?
Which vector is responsible for the spread of Lyme disease?
Which vector is responsible for the spread of Lyme disease?
Which condition may develop in a newborn with congenital syphilis?
Which condition may develop in a newborn with congenital syphilis?
During the first trimester, how does untreated syphilis affect the fetus if diagnosed after the 18th week?
During the first trimester, how does untreated syphilis affect the fetus if diagnosed after the 18th week?
At the end of six lunar months, which change is observed in the baby's skin?
At the end of six lunar months, which change is observed in the baby's skin?
What is the typical weight of a fetus at the end of seven lunar months?
What is the typical weight of a fetus at the end of seven lunar months?
What begins at the 20th week of pregnancy?
What begins at the 20th week of pregnancy?
What is indicated by the presence of meconium in a fetus?
What is indicated by the presence of meconium in a fetus?
What is one of the signs of fetal viability by the end of six lunar months?
What is one of the signs of fetal viability by the end of six lunar months?
Which of the following is true for an infant born at the end of seven lunar months?
Which of the following is true for an infant born at the end of seven lunar months?
What is the primary purpose of lanugo on newborns?
What is the primary purpose of lanugo on newborns?
At what gestational week is amniocentesis typically possible?
At what gestational week is amniocentesis typically possible?
What is the length range of infants born at eight lunar months?
What is the length range of infants born at eight lunar months?
What determines the presence of urine in the amniotic fluid?
What determines the presence of urine in the amniotic fluid?
What changes occur to a fetus's appearance at eight lunar months?
What changes occur to a fetus's appearance at eight lunar months?
At what gestational age does the lanugo begin to diminish?
At what gestational age does the lanugo begin to diminish?
What does the presence of meconium in the bowel indicate?
What does the presence of meconium in the bowel indicate?
What is the approximate weight range of a fetus at nine lunar months?
What is the approximate weight range of a fetus at nine lunar months?
What reflex is active in the fetus during eight lunar months?
What reflex is active in the fetus during eight lunar months?
Which physical development indicates that the fetus is ready to assume the delivery position?
Which physical development indicates that the fetus is ready to assume the delivery position?
What is the characteristic rash associated with a tick bite?
What is the characteristic rash associated with a tick bite?
Which antibiotic is contraindicated during pregnancy due to risk of tooth discoloration?
Which antibiotic is contraindicated during pregnancy due to risk of tooth discoloration?
What reflexes may be present by the end of the 12th week of pregnancy?
What reflexes may be present by the end of the 12th week of pregnancy?
At how many weeks can sex differentiation typically be seen via ultrasound?
At how many weeks can sex differentiation typically be seen via ultrasound?
What structure begins to secrete urine by the end of the 12th week?
What structure begins to secrete urine by the end of the 12th week?
Which of the following occurs by the end of the 16th week?
Which of the following occurs by the end of the 16th week?
What is the approximate length of a fetus at 16 weeks?
What is the approximate length of a fetus at 16 weeks?
What significant development occurs in the lungs by the end of the 16th week?
What significant development occurs in the lungs by the end of the 16th week?
By the 12th week, which physical capability can the fetus perform?
By the 12th week, which physical capability can the fetus perform?
What is one of the conditions that can cause illness at birth?
What is one of the conditions that can cause illness at birth?
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Study Notes
Infectious Diseases and Their Impact on Pregnancy
- Thrombocytopenic purpura and dental candidiasis are conditions affecting maternal health.
- Chlamydia and cytomegalovirus (CMV) pose risks to the infant, leading to potential neurological or ocular damage.
- CMV is transmitted via droplet infection and may cause severe conditions like hydrocephalus and deafness.
- Herpes Simplex Virus can cause significant congenital anomalies or miscarriage, especially if infected during the first trimester.
- Acyclovir is the drug of choice for treating genital herpes during pregnancy.
- Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, can lead to serious fetal complications if untreated past the 18th week.
- Lyme disease, from Borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted by deer ticks and can manifest as a rash.
Fetal Development Milestones
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First Lunar Month (End of 4th Week)
- Heart chambers form, and heartbeats may start around day 14.
- Arm and leg buds appear; primary lung buds are present.
- Nervous system develops by the 3rd week.
- Length is approximately 4-5 mm with a weight of 0.4 gm.
-
Two Lunar Months (End of 8th Week)
- Head larger than trunk; external genitalia become distinct.
- Amniotic fluid surrounds the embryo; muscle movements are present but not detectable by the mother.
- Length reaches around 2.5 cm (1 inch) and weighs 2 gms.
-
Three Lunar Months (End of 12th Week)
- Nails form on fingers and toes; kidneys begin urine secretion.
- Sucking and Babinski reflexes are observable.
- The fetus starts moving, practicing swallowing, but movements remain imperceptible.
- Sexual differentiation becomes apparent.
-
Four Lunar Months (End of 16th Week)
- Length is 10-17 cm; weight is 55-120 gms.
- Lanugo (fine hair) and ossification in bones occur.
- Fetal heart tones become audible with a fetoscope.
-
Five Lunar Months (End of 20th Week)
- Brown fat develops behind kidneys; spontaneous movements begin.
- Fetal heartbeat becomes more detectable.
-
Six Lunar Months (End of 24th Week)
- Skin is red and wrinkled; surfactant production initiates for lung maturity.
- Length is 28-36 cm; weight about 550 gms.
-
Seven Lunar Months (End of 28th Week)
- Active movements observed; survival rates for premature infants improve with expert care.
- Length approximately 35-38 cm; weight about 1,200 gms.
-
Eight Lunar Months (End of 32nd Week)
- Infants typically survive with proper care; length between 38-43 cm and weight around 1,600 gms.
- Surfactant and subcutaneous fat progressively increase.
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Nine Lunar Months (End of 36th Week)
- Body assumes a round shape, with length 42-48 cm and weight ranging from 2,200 to 2,900 gms.
- Lanugo decreases, and a well-defined wake/sleep cycle is observed.
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Ten Lunar Months (End of 40th Week)
- Full-term newborn characteristics are evident with a length of 48-52 cm and a weight over 3,200 gms.
- Fetal activity includes strong kicks and muscle tone.
- Surfactant production is crucial for respiratory function post-birth.
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