Infectious Disease Module Quiz

Melanoma and Skin Conditions

• Melanoma: A neoplasm of melanocytes.
• "Butterfly" pattern eruption is specific to Lupus.
• Allergic rhinitis diagnostic tests include CBC, IgE, and skin prick tests; all are useful.
• Hypersensitivity Type I diagnosis requires a skin prick test.
• Bronchial asthma diagnosis incorporates family history, spirometry, and detailed disease anamnesis.
• Skin prick tests contraindicated in acute urticaria.

Asthma and Urticaria

• Main side effect of SABA (short-acting beta agonists) is tachycardia.
• Acyclovir is the primary antiviral for herpesviruses.
• Lichen ruber planus characterized by lace-like tongue lesions.
• For MDR-TB treatment, tailor combination therapy with Am-Mfx-Pto-Cfz-Z-Hhd-E/5 Mfx-Cfz-Z-E or equivalent.
• Herpesvirus 1 highest concentration found in saliva.

Infections and Viruses

• Pandemic influenza virus type A.
• Hepatitis A virus transmission is fecal-oral.
• Chickenpox transmission is airborne.
• Inhaled corticosteroids can cause dysphonia as a common side effect.

Pathogenicity and Immune Responses

• Pathogenicity refers to a microbe’s ability to cause disease.
• Herpes labialis is caused by reactivation of Herpesvirus 1.
• Initial treatment for acute bronchial asthma involves Salbutamol via pMDI.

AIDS and Emergency Treatment

• AIDS indicates end-stage HIV infection with associated opportunistic infections.
• SABA recommended for "rescue therapy" in asthma, unlike LABA, which shouldn't be used alone.
• Acute urticaria causes include vaccinations, food, and medications.

Pulmonary Function Tests

• PFT results indicating severe obstruction can show FEV1/FVC as 60%, FEV1 28%, and FVC 88%.
• Less than 10% BSA detachment is noted in erythema multiforme.

Dermatological Disorders

• Seborrheic dermatitis localized in sebum-rich areas; dermatitis and acne are precursors to other skin conditions.
• Rosacea linked to Demodex follicularum; treatment includes Ivermectin cream.
• Psoriasis characterized by high T cell populations; topical glucocorticosteroids are effective management.

Skin Lesions and Pre-cancers

• Pyogenic granuloma classified as a benign skin lesion.
• Actinic keratosis poses a cancer risk, requiring monitoring and treatment like cryotherapy or electrocoagulation.
• Basal cell carcinoma appears as a pearly nodule or shallow ulcer.

Skin Cancer Detection

• Melanoma diagnosis necessitates excision biopsy for accurate assessment.
• ABCDE criteria assist in identifying atypical pigmented lesions.

Systemic Conditions and Infections

• Pemphigus vulgaris presents with easily ruptured vesicles; autoantibodies target desmoglein.
• Eosinophilia noted in bullous pemphigoid; management includes systemic glucocorticosteroids.
• Physical urticarial syndromes triggered by environmental changes, medications, or food.

Symptoms and Treatments

• Vesicular rash typically associated with herpes simplex infections.
• Moisturizers are vital for various dermatitis types, especially atopic dermatitis during acute phases.
• Chronic conditions like ichthyosis can relate to neoplastic processes or systemic diseases.

Miscellaneous Conditions

• Skin manifestations including cafe-au-lait macules signify potential neurofibromatosis type 1; splinter hemorrhages may indicate psoriasis.
• Merkel cells distinctly involved in touch sensation; located in the epidermis.

Conclusion

• Understanding dermatological conditions, hypersensitivity reactions, and immunological responses is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment.
• Knowledge of skin cancers and their presentations aids in timely intervention and management strategies.### Cryotherapy and Antiviral Medications
• Cryotherapy involves using extreme cold to treat conditions like warts and certain skin lesions.
• C. Valaciclovir is an antiviral medication used to treat infections caused by certain types of viruses, including herpes viruses.
• D. Pemciclovir is another antiviral that specifically targets herpes virus infections.

Alopecia Areata and Syphilis

• Alopecia areata is primarily linked with autoimmune responses and is notably NOT specific for any stage of syphilis.

Laboratory Tests for Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

• Primary laboratory tests for VZV include Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Characteristic Pain in Viral Infections

• Herpes zoster (shingles) is known for causing significant pain compared to other viral conditions like herpes simplex or warts.

Herpes Gladiatorum Triggers

• The triggering factor for herpes gladiatorum often includes respiratory infections.

Characteristics of Molluscum Contagiosum

• Central umbilication of pearly-white round papules is characteristic of molluscum contagiosum.

Composition of Nails

• Nails are mainly composed of keratin, a protective protein.

Epidermal Layers

• The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer of the epidermis.

Skin Morphology and Diagnosis

• A pustula is a skin morphologic element containing a cavity.
• Skin plaques are caused by increased thickness of the epidermis.

Dermatophytes and Wood's Lamp

• Tinea capitis can give a yellowish or orange glow under Wood's lamp examination.

Moisturizers and Dermatitis

• Moisturizers are beneficial for conditions like exudative eczema and atopic dermatitis.

Skin Loss and Conditions

• Full-thickness loss of the epidermis is termed ulceration.
• Bullous eruptions are typically seen in herpes simplex infections.

Anaphylactic Shock and Treatment

• Anaphylactic shock can be triggered by medications, foods, or insect bites.
• Adrenaline (epinephrine) is the first-line treatment during anaphylaxis.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

• This syndrome is classified as a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, with symptoms including headache, malaise, and fever.

Chancre and Syphilis

• Chancre is the primary morphologic element of primary syphilis, commonly an ulcer.

Laboratory Tests for Syphilis

• The whiff test helps identify bacterial vaginosis, distinct from syphilis-related tests.

Gonococcal Infection

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative bacterium involved in gonococcal infections.

Treatment Protocols

• Doxycycline is an alternative for allergic pregnant women with syphilis when penicillin is contraindicated.
• The first-line treatment for syphilis is penicillin, depending on the stage.

Allergies and Asthma

• Angioedema and urticaria are examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
• Symptoms of bronchial asthma include wheezing, cough, and prolonged expiration.
• Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABAs) are first-line medications for asthma exacerbations.
• Adrenaline is crucial for managing anaphylactic reactions.
• Allergy skin tests detect IgE antibodies and are indicative of Type I hypersensitivity.

Urticaria

• Urticaria is characterized by spontaneous, pruritic, and short-lived wheals.

Structural Changes in Dermatology

• Lesions viewed in conditions like impetigo must be clinically assessed.
• Dermoscopy is effective for distinguishing skin diseases based on morphology and distribution.

Skin Infection Management

• Cutaneous tuberculosis diagnosis often involves dermatopathology and culture.
• Portraying the correct diagnosis of skin lesions is critical for appropriate treatment.

General Dermatological Treatments

• Ointments are preferable for dry skin, while lotions and creams are better suited for larger areas or acne.
• Crusted scabies often occurs in elderly populations.

Bacterial Infection Characteristics

• Erysipelas is marked by abrupt onset and severe symptoms like redness and fever.

Tick-Borne Diseases

• Boreliosis, or Lyme disease, is transmitted through tick bites, highlighting the importance of preventative measures.

These notes synthesize key information from the material and provide an overview for students studying in the field of dermatology and immunology.